Accessing Resources via Hierarchical Exploration of Topic Areas

POLITICAL PARTIES, SECONDARY ASSOCIATIONS AND ALIENATION

Čepo, D. (2020). Structural weaknesses and the role of the dominant political party: Democratic backsliding in Croatia since EU accession. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(1), 141–159.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2020.1709721
Norman, L. (2021). To Democratize or to Protect? How the Response to Anti‐System Parties Reshapes the EU’s Transnational Party System. Journal of Common Market Studies, 0(0), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13128
Power, S. (2020). Party Funding and Corruption. Palgrave MacMillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37580-5
Wolkenstein, F. (2020). Transnational Complicity in Democratic Backsliding. Global Justice Theory Practice Rhetoric, 12(2), 117–140.
https://doi.org/10.21248/gjn.12.02.206
Wolkenstein, F. (2021). European political parties’ complicity in democratic backsliding. Global Constitutionalism, 11(1), 55–82.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000386

1. ELECTIONS ⏵

1.1 Interpretations of elections' function and value ⏵

Arneson, R. J. (2009). The supposed right to a democratic say. In T. Christiano & J. Christman (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy. Wiley Online Library.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444310399.ch11
Arneson, R. J. (2004). Democracy is not intrinsically just. In K. Dowding, R. E. Goodin, & C. Pateman (Eds.), Justice and Democracy: Essays for Brian Barry (pp. 40–58). Cambridge University Press.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346544397_Democracy_Is_Not_Intrinsically_Just
Arneson, R. J. (2003). Defending the purely instrumental account of democratic legitimacy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 11(1), 122–132.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9760.00170
Poama, A. (2021). Social Injustice, Disadvantaged Offenders, and the State’s Authority to Punish. Journal of Political Philosophy, 29(1), 73–93.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12218

1.1.1 Popular will indication

Cohen, J. (1986). An Epistemic Conception of Democracy. Ethics, 97(1), 26–38.
https://doi.org/10.1086/292815
Coleman, J., & Ferejohn, J. (1986). Democracy and Social Choice. Ethics, 97(1), 6–25.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2381403
Rousseau, J.-J. (1762). The Social Contract and the First and Second Discourses (S. Dunn, Ed.). Yale University Press.

1.1.2 Preference aggregation

Arrow, K. (2012). Social Choice and Individual Values. Yale University Press.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nqb90
Goldman, A. I. (1999). Knowledge in a Social World. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198238207.001.0001
Waldron, J. (1999). Law and Disagreement. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262138.001.0001

1.1.3 Retrospective sanctioning

Ashworth, S. (2012). Electoral Accountability: Recent Theoretical and Empirical Work. In Annual Review of Political Science, 15, 183–201.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-031710-103823
Bovens, M. (2007). Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework. European Law Journal, 13(4), 447–468.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x
Fumagalli, C. (2018). Democratic Representation and Democratic Sanctions. Representation, 54(3), 201–219.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2018.1502207
Guerrero, A. A. (2014). Against Elections: The Lottocratic Alternative. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 42(2), 135–178.
https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12029
Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659935
Philp, M. (2009). Delimiting Democratic Accountability. Political Studies, 57(1), 28–53.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00720.x
Riker, W. H. (1982). Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice. W.H. Freeman.
Schumpeter, J. (1976). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203202050

1.1.4 Prospective selection

Fearon, J. D. (1999). Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance. In A. Przeworski, S. C. Stokes, & B. Manin (Eds.), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (pp. 55–97). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175104.003
Herreros, F. (2006). Screening before Sanctioning: Elections and the Republican Tradition. European Journal of Political Theory, 5(4), 415–435.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885106067281
Madison, J. (1999). The Federalist Papers: No.10 [The Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy]. The Federalist Papers.
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed10.asp
Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659935

1.1.5 Collective wisdom

Ancell, A. (2017). Democracy Isn’t That Smart (but We Can Make It Smarter): On Landemore’s Democratic Reason. Episteme, 14(2), 161–175.
https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2015.67
Landemore, H. (2012). Democratic Reason: The Mechanisms of Collective Intelligence in Politics. In H. Landemore & J. Elster (Eds.), Collective Wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms (pp. 251–289). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511846427.012
Landemore, H., & Elster, J. (Eds.). (2012). Collective Wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511846427

1.1.6 Legal empowerment of legislators

Waldron, J. (2000). Votes as Powers. In M. Friedman, L. May, K. Parsons, & J. Stiff (Eds.), Rights and Reason: Essays in Honor of Carl Wellman (pp. 45–64). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9403-5_4

1.1.7 Prevention of state capture

Bagg, S. (2018). The Power of the Multitude: Answering Epistemic Challenges to Democracy. American Political Science Review, 112(4), 891–904.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000527
Elster, J. (2013). Securities Against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139382762

1.1.8 Publicisation of equal political authority

Chapman, E. B. (2019). The Distinctive Value of Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting. American Journal of Political Science, 63(1), 101–112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12393

1.1.9 Limitation of domination

Beckman, L., & Rosenberg, J. H. (2018). Freedom as Non-domination and Democratic Inclusion. Res Publica, 24(2), 181–198.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-016-9348-8
Bellamy, R. (2021). Non-domination and the Free State. In Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Social and Political Theory. Routledge.
Farrell, L. (2020). The politics of non-domination: Populism, contestation and neo-republican democracy. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 46(7), 858–877.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453719866236
Griffin, M., Learmonth, M., & Elliott, C. (2015). Non-domination, contestation and freedom: The contribution of Philip Pettit to learning and democracy in organisations. Management Learning, 46(3), 317–336.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614532753
Larmore, C. (2001). A Critique of Philip Pettit’s Republicanism. Philosophical Issues, 11, 229–243.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.35.s1.9
Martí, J. L., & Pettit, P. (2012). A Political Philosophy in Public Llife: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero’s Spain. Princeton University Press.
Nadeau, C., & Weinstock, D. (2004). Republicanism: History, Theory, Practice. Taylor & Francis.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203497548
Pettit, P. (1999). Republicanism: A theory of freedom and government. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198296428.001.0001
Pettit, P. (2006). Democracy, National and International. The Monist, 89(2), 301–324.
https://doi.org/10.2307/27903981
Pettit, P. (2012). On the people’s terms: A republican theory and model of democracy. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139017428
Rahman, K. S. (2016). Democracy Against Domination. Oxford University Press.
Rahman, K. S. (2017). Democracy against domination: Contesting economic power in progressive and neorepublican political theory. Contemporary Political Theory, 16(1), 41–64.
https://doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2016.12
Rostbøll, C. F. (2015). Non-domination and democratic legitimacy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 18(4), 424–439.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2015.1033862
Shapiro, I. (2006). The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton University Press.
Shapiro, I. (2012). On Non-domination. University of Toronto Law Journal, 62(3), 293–336.
https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.62.3.293
Shapiro, I. (2016). Politics Against Domination. Yale University Press.
Vergara, C. (2020a). Populism as Plebeian Politics: Inequality, Domination, and Popular Empowerment. Journal of Political Philosophy, 28(2), 222–246.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12203
Vergara, C. (2020b). Systemic Corruption: Constitutional Ideas for an Anti-Oligarchic Republic. Princeton University Press.

1.1.10 Respect of the equal freedom of citizens

Meckstroth, C. (2015). The Struggle for Democracy: Paradoxes of Progress and the Politics of Change. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190213923.001.0001

1.1.11 Minimalist conceptions of democracy

Przeworski, A. (1999). Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense. In I. Shapiro & C. Hacker-Cordon (Eds.), Democracy’s value (pp. 12–17). Cambridge University Press.

1.2 Electoral systems ⏵

1.2.1 Empirical analyses ⏵

1.2.1.1 Empirical analyses generally

Buisseret, P., & Prato, C. (2020). Voting behavior under proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 96–111.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819892342
Canon, D. T. (1999). Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(3), 331–385.
https://doi.org/10.2307/440349
Cotta, M., & Best, H. (Eds.). (2007). Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234202.001.0001
Crisp, B. F., & Demirkaya, B. (2020). Strategic Entry and Strategic Voting in Majoritarian Systems. The Journal of Politics, 82(1), 57–71.
https://doi.org/10.1086/705598
Elsässer, L., Hense, S., & Schäfer, A. (2017). ”Dem Deutschen Volke“? Die ungleiche Responsivität des Bundestags. In Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (Vol. 27, pp. 161–180).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41358-017-0097-9
Ezrow, L. (2010). Linking Citizens and Parties: How Electoral Systems Matter for Political Representation. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572526.001.0001
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
Ferland, B. (2018). Government Responsiveness under Majoritarian and (within) Proportional Electoral Systems. Government and Opposition, 55(4), 595–616.
https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.47
Gerber, E. R., Morton, R. B., & Rietz, T. A. (2014). Minority Representation in Multimember Districts. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 127–144.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2585933
Horowitz, D. L. (2003). Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers. Journal of Democracy, 14(4), 115–127.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0078
Hughes, M. M. (2016). Electoral Systems and the Legislative Representation of Muslim Ethnic Minority Women in the West, 2000–2010. Parliamentary Affairs, 69(3), 548–568.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv062
Joshi, D. K. (2020). Lawyers and law graduates in parliaments as a consequence of SMD electoral systems: A comparison of Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 19–30.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000112
Kam, C., Bertelli, A. M., & Held, A. (2020). The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 744–760.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000143
Klingemann, H.-D. (Ed.). (2009). The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Oxford University Press.
LeDuc, L., Niemi, R., & Norris, P. (2010). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century. SAGE.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288740
Lundell, K. (2009). The Origin of Electoral Systems in the Postwar Era: A worldwide approach. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203871843
Mustillo, T., & Polga-Hecimovich, J. (2020). Party, candidate, and voter incentives under free list proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 143–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819893023
Norris, P. (1997). Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems. International Political Science Review, 18(3), 297–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019251297018003005
Potrafke, N., Rösch, M., & Ursprung, H. (2020). Election systems, the “beauty premium” in politics, and the beauty of dissent. European Journal of Political Economy, 64, 101900.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101900
Riambau, G., Stillman, S., & Boe-Gibson, G. (2021). What determines preferences for an electoral system? Evidence from a binding referendum. Public Choice, 186(1–2), 179–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00770-9
Shugart, M. S., & Taagepera, R. (2017). Votes from Seats: Logical Models of Electoral Systems. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108261128
Stephenson, L. B., Aldrich, J. H., & Blais, A. (Eds.). (2018). The Many Faces of Strategic Voting: Tactical Behavior in Electoral Systems Around the Worldorld. University of Michigan Press.
https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9946117
Wilson, M. C. (2019). A Closer Look at the Limits of Consociationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 53(5), 700–733.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019858956

1.2.1.2 On proportional representation systems ⏵

Kedar, O., Harsgor, L., & Sheinerman, R. A. (2016). Are Voters Equal under Proportional Representation? American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 676–691.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12225
1.2.1.2.1 Descriptive analyses
Buisseret, P., & Prato, C. (2020). Voting behavior under proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 96–111.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819892342
Cotta, M., & Best, H. (Eds.). (2007). Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234202.001.0001
1.2.1.2.2 Cause and impact analyses
Buisseret, P., & Prato, C. (2020). Voting behavior under proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 96–111.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819892342
Ezrow, L. (2010). Linking Citizens and Parties: How Electoral Systems Matter for Political Representation. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572526.001.0001
Joshi, D. K. (2020). Lawyers and law graduates in parliaments as a consequence of SMD electoral systems: A comparison of Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 19–30.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000112
Kam, C., Bertelli, A. M., & Held, A. (2020). The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 744–760.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000143
Kedar, O., Harsgor, L., & Sheinerman, R. A. (2016). Are Voters Equal under Proportional Representation? American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 676–691.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12225
Riambau, G., Stillman, S., & Boe-Gibson, G. (2021). What determines preferences for an electoral system? Evidence from a binding referendum. Public Choice, 186(1–2), 179–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00770-9

1.2.1.3 On single-member-district-plurality systems ⏵

Raymond, C. D., & Tromborg, M. W. (2016). What’s information got to do with it? Third-party voting in plurality systems. Party Politics, 22(4), 534–543.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814551295
1.2.1.3.1 Cause and impact analyses
Canon, D. T. (1999). Race, Redistricting, and Representation: The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts. University of Chicago Press.
Johnston, R., & Pattie, C. (2006). Putting Voters in their Place: Geography and Elections in Great Britain. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268047.001.0001
Joshi, D. K. (2020). Lawyers and law graduates in parliaments as a consequence of SMD electoral systems: A comparison of Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 19–30.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000112
Riambau, G., Stillman, S., & Boe-Gibson, G. (2021). What determines preferences for an electoral system? Evidence from a binding referendum. Public Choice, 186(1–2), 179–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00770-9

1.2.1.4 On mixed electoral systems ⏵

1.2.1.4.1 Descriptive analyses
Shugart, M. S., & Wattenberg, M. P. (2003). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/019925768X.001.0001
1.2.1.4.2 Cause and impact analyses
Shugart, M. S., & Wattenberg, M. P. (2003). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/019925768X.001.0001

1.2.2 Normative analyses ⏵

1.2.2.1 Normative analyses generally

Amy, D. J. (2002). Real Choices / New voices: How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
Balinski, M. L., & Peyton Young, H. (2001). Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote (2nd ed). Brookings Institution Press.
Barber, K. L. (2000). A Right to Representation: Proportional Election Systems for the Twenty-first Century. Ohio State University Press.
Blau, A. (2004). Fairness and Electoral Reform. British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 6(2), 165–181.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00132.x
Canon, D. T. (1999). Race, Redistricting, and Representation: The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts. University of Chicago Press.
Castiglione, D., & Pollak, J. (Eds.). (2019). Creating Political Presence: The New Politics of Democratic Representation. University of Chicago Press.
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
Chryssogonos, K., & Stratilatis, C. (2012). Limits of Electoral Equality and Political Representation. European Constitutional Law Review, 8(1), 9–32.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019612000028
Ciepley, D. (2013). Dispersed Constituency Democracy: Deterritorializing Representation to Reduce Ethnic Conflict. Politics & Society, 41(1), 135–162.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213475585
Cohen, J., & Rogers, J. (1992). Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance. Politics & Society, 20(4), 393–472.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329292020004003
Cotta, M., & Best, H. (Eds.). (2007). Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234202.001.0001
Curtice, J., & Philips Shiveley, W. (2009). Who Represents us Best? One Member or Many? In H.-D. Klingemann (Ed.), The comparative study of electoral systems (pp. 171–192). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217359.003.0008
Dow, J. K. (2017). Electing the House: The Adoption and Performance of the U.S. Single-Member District Electoral System. University Press of Kansas.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1n2tvv2
Dummett, M. (1984). Voting procedures. Oxford University Press.
Emerson, P. (2020). Indicative (SIC) Votes. Representation, 56(2), 273–283.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1696393
Ezrow, L. (2010). Linking Citizens and Parties: How Electoral Systems Matter for Political Representation. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572526.001.0001
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
Ganghof, S. (2013). Equality-Based Comparison: How to Justify Democratic Institutions in the Real World. Politics, 33(2), 101–111.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12002
Gudgin, G., & Taylor, P. J. (1979). Seats, Votes, and the Spatial Organisation of Elections. Pion Limited.
James, M. R. (2004). Deliberative Democracy and the Plural Polity. University Press of Kansas.
Kam, C., Bertelli, A. M., & Held, A. (2020). The Electoral System, the Party System and Accountability in Parliamentary Government. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 744–760.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000143
King, L. (2016). Hopeful Losers? A Moral Case for Mixed Electoral Systems. Les Ateliers de l’éthique, 10(2), 107–121.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1035330ar
King, L. A. (2005). The Federal Structure of a Republic of Reasons. Political Theory, 33(5), 629–653.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591705276383
McCall Rosenbluth, F., & Shapiro, I. (2018). Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy From Itself. Yale University Press.
McDonald, M. D., & Budge, I. (2005). Elections, parties, democracy: Conferring the median mandate. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0199286728.001.0001
McEvoy, J., & O’Leary, B. (Eds.). (2013). Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places. University of Pennsylvania Press.
McGann, A. (2006). The Logic of Democracy: Reconciling Equality, Deliberation, and Minority Protection. University of Michigan Press.
McGann, A. (2013). Fairness and Bias in Electoral Systems. In J. H. Nagel & R. M. Smith (Eds.), Representation: Elections and Beyond (pp. 90–113). University of Pennsylvania Press.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208177.90
McGann, A., & Van der Hout, E. (2009). Proportional Representation Within the Limits of Liberalism Alone. British Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 735–754.
https://10.1017/S0007123409000684
Mill, J. S. (1861, 2013). Considerations on Representative Government. Project Gutenberg.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm
Mitchell, A. (1993). Vorsprung durch AMS. In A. Barnett, C. Ellis, & P. Q. Hirst (Eds.), Debating the constitution: New perspectives on constitutional reforms. Wiley-Blackwell.
Norris, P. (1997). Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems. International Political Science Review, 18(3), 297–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019251297018003005
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P., & Crewe, I. (1994). Did the British marginals vanish? Proportionality and exaggeration in the British electoral system revisited. Electoral Studies, 13(3), 201–221.
https://10.1016/0261-3794(94)90018-3
Norton, P. (1992). Does Britain Need Proportional Representation? In R. Blackburn (Ed.), Constitutional studies: Contemporary issues and controversies. Mansell Publishig Limited.
Parijs, P. van. (2011). Just democracy: The Rawls-Machiavelli programme. ECPR Press.
Pinto‐Duschinsky, M. (1999). Send the rascals packing: Defects of proportional representation and the virtues of the Westminster model. Representation, 36(2), 117–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344899908523069
Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The Concept of Representation. University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503
Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175104
Reeve, A., & Ware, A. (1992). Electoral Systems: A Theoretical and Comparative Introduction. Routledge.
Rey, F. (2023). The representative system. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 26(6), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1808761
Schultz, D. A. (2014). Election Law and Democratic Theory. Routledge.
Stolz, K. (2019). Should unionists support PR? Electoral systems, party systems and territorial integration in the United Kingdom. British Politics, 14, 269–289.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-0075-y
Sunstein, C. R. (1991). Preferences and Politics. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20(1), 3–34.
Thompson, D. F. (2002). Just elections: Creating a fair electoral process in the United States. University of Chicago Press.
Urdánoz, J. (2019). John Stuart Mill and proportional representation. A misunderstanding. Political Science, 71(2), 158–171.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1701949
Ward, H. (1995). A Contractarian Defence of Ideal Proportional Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 3(1), 86–109.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.1995.tb00030.x
Weale, A. (2013). New Modes of Governance, Political Accountability and Public Reason. Government and Opposition, 46(1), 58–80.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2010.01330.x
Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.
Wilson, M. C. (2019). A Closer Look at the Limits of Consociationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 53(5), 700–733.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019858956

1.2.2.2 On proportional representation systems ⏵

1.2.2.2.1 Defenses ⏵
1.2.2.2.1.1 Equality as anonymity
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
Ganghof, S. (2013). Equality-Based Comparison: How to Justify Democratic Institutions in the Real World. Politics, 33(2), 101–111.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12002
McGann, A. (2013). Fairness and Bias in Electoral Systems. In J. H. Nagel & R. M. Smith (Eds.), Representation: Elections and Beyond (pp. 90–113). University of Pennsylvania Press.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208177.90
McGann, A., & Van der Hout, E. (2009). Proportional Representation Within the Limits of Liberalism Alone. British Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 735–754.
https://10.1017/S0007123409000684
1.2.2.2.1.2 Equality as citizen authority re: political aims
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
1.2.2.2.1.3 Equality as proportional preference satisfaction
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
1.2.2.2.1.4 Deliberation
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Sunstein, C. R. (1991). Preferences and Politics. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20(1), 3–34.
1.2.2.2.1.5 Rawlsian original position
King, L. A. (2005). The Federal Structure of a Republic of Reasons. Political Theory, 33(5), 629–653.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591705276383
1.2.2.2.1.6 Increased voter choice
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.2.1.7 Increased voter turnout
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.2.1.8 Peace keeping
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.2.1.9 Legislators' descriptive representation
Reeve, A., & Ware, A. (1992). Electoral Systems: A Theoretical and Comparative Introduction. Routledge.
1.2.2.2.2 Critiques ⏵
Blau, A. (2004). Fairness and Electoral Reform. British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 6(2), 165–181.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00132.x
1.2.2.2.2.1 Equality as citizen authority over law
Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.
1.2.2.2.2.2 Inhibited decision making and government formation
Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The Concept of Representation. University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503
1.2.2.2.2.3 Inhibited retrospective accountability
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.2.2.4 Substantially sub-optimal policy outcomes
Curtice, J., & Philips Shiveley, W. (2009). Who Represents us Best? One Member or Many? In H.-D. Klingemann (Ed.), The comparative study of electoral systems (pp. 171–192). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217359.003.0008
Ezrow, L. (2010). Linking Citizens and Parties: How Electoral Systems Matter for Political Representation. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572526.001.0001
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
McCall Rosenbluth, F., & Shapiro, I. (2018). Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy From Itself. Yale University Press.
McDonald, M. D., & Budge, I. (2005). Elections, parties, democracy: Conferring the median mandate. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0199286728.001.0001
1.2.2.2.2.5 Extremist parties
Carter, E. (2004). Does PR promote political extremism? Evidence from the West European parties of the extreme right. Representation, 40(2), 82–100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890408523252
Carter, E. L. (2002). Proportional Representation and the Fortunes of Right-Wing Extremist Parties. West European Politics, 25(3), 125–146.
https://doi.org/10.1080/713601617
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.2.2.6 Ethnic gridlock
Ciepley, D. (2013). Dispersed Constituency Democracy: Deterritorializing Representation to Reduce Ethnic Conflict. Politics & Society, 41(1), 135–162.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213475585
1.2.2.2.2.7 Rural political disadvantage
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8

1.2.2.3 On single-member-district-plurality Systems ⏵

1.2.2.3.1 Defenses ⏵
1.2.2.3.1.1 Equality as citizen authority over law
Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.
1.2.2.3.1.2 Individual casework
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.
1.2.2.3.1.3 Substantive outcomes
McCall Rosenbluth, F., & Shapiro, I. (2018). Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy From Itself. Yale University Press.
1.2.2.3.1.4 Curbs on small-party power
Norton, P. (1992). Does Britain Need Proportional Representation? In R. Blackburn (Ed.), Constitutional studies: Contemporary issues and controversies. Mansell Publishig Limited.
Pinto‐Duschinsky, M. (1999). Send the rascals packing: Defects of proportional representation and the virtues of the Westminster model. Representation, 36(2), 117–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344899908523069
1.2.2.3.1.5 Retrospective accountability
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.3.1.6 Extremist parties inhibited
Norris, P. (2004). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
1.2.2.3.1.7 Simplicity
Farrell, D. M. (2011). Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (2. ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28550-8
1.2.2.3.2 Objections ⏵
1.2.2.3.2.1 Equality as anonymity
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
McGann, A. (2013). Fairness and Bias in Electoral Systems. In J. H. Nagel & R. M. Smith (Eds.), Representation: Elections and Beyond (pp. 90–113). University of Pennsylvania Press.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208177.90
McGann, A., & Van der Hout, E. (2009). Proportional Representation Within the Limits of Liberalism Alone. British Journal of Political Science, 39(4), 735–754.
https://10.1017/S0007123409000684
1.2.2.3.2.2 Equality as proportional preference satisfaction
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
1.2.2.3.2.3 Equality as citizen authority over political aims
Christiano, T. (1996). The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495861
1.2.2.3.2.4 Unequal opportunities to vote for winning candidate
Mill, J. S. (1861, 2013). Considerations on Representative Government. Project Gutenberg.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm
1.2.2.3.2.5 Rawlsian original position
King, L. A. (2005). The Federal Structure of a Republic of Reasons. Political Theory, 33(5), 629–653.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591705276383
King, L. A. (2016). Hopeful Losers? A Moral Case for Mixed Electoral Systems. Les Ateliers de l’éthique, 10(2), 107–121.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1035330ar
1.2.2.3.2.6 Bias against small parties
Gudgin, G., & Taylor, P. J. (1979). Seats, Votes, and the Spatial Organisation of Elections. Pion Limited.
1.2.2.3.2.7 Bias against left-wing parties
Gudgin, G., & Taylor, P. J. (1979). Seats, Votes, and the Spatial Organisation of Elections. Pion Limited.
1.2.2.3.2.8 Bias against dispersed-electorate parties
Norris, P., & Crewe, I. (1994). Did the British marginals vanish? Proportionality and exaggeration in the British electoral system revisited. Electoral Studies, 13(3), 201–221.
https://10.1016/0261-3794(94)90018-3
1.2.2.3.2.9 Vote-seat disproportionality
Gudgin, G., & Taylor, P. J. (1979). Seats, Votes, and the Spatial Organisation of Elections. Pion Limited.
Mitchell, A. (1993). Vorsprung durch AMS. In A. Barnett, C. Ellis, & P. Q. Hirst (Eds.), Debating the constitution: New perspectives on constitutional reforms. Wiley-Blackwell.
1.2.2.3.2.10 Lack of descriptive representation
Reeve, A., & Ware, A. (1992). Electoral Systems: A Theoretical and Comparative Introduction. Routledge.

1.2.2.4 On mixed electoral systems ⏵

1.2.2.4.1 Defenses
King, L. A. (2016). Hopeful Losers? A Moral Case for Mixed Electoral Systems. Les Ateliers de l’éthique, 10(2), 107–121.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1035330ar

1.2.3 Electoral malpractice and corruption ⏵

Alidu, S. M. (2014). Party Politics and Electoral Malpractice in Ghana’s Election 2012. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 3(11), 1449–1464.
Aluaigba, M. T. (2016). Democracy Deferred: The effects of electoral malpractice on Nigeria’s Path to Democratic consolidation. Journal of African Elections, 15(2), 136–158.
https://doi.org/10.20940/JAE/2016/v15i2a7
Avgerou, C., Masiero, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2019). Trusting e-voting amid experiences of electoral malpractice: The case of Indian elections. Journal of Information Technology, 34(3), 263–289.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396218816199
Bader, M. (2012). Trends and Patterns in Electoral Malpractice in Post-Soviet Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 3(1), 49–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2011.10.006
Birch, S. (2010). Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout. Comparative Political Studies, 43(12), 1601–1622.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010374021
Birch, S. (2011). Electoral Malpractice. Oxford University Press.
Ceva, E., & Ferretti, M. (2014). Liberal democratic institutions and the damages of political corruption. 9, 126–145.
Curini, L. (2018). Corruption, Ideology, and Populism: The Rise of Valence Political Campaigning. Palgrave MacMillan Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56735-8
Darnolf, S., & Elklit, J. (2012). Electoral malpractice. Democratization, 19(6), 1168–1172.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.708181
Norris, P. (2018). Do Public Perceptions of Electoral Malpractice Undermine Democratic Satisfaction? The US in Comparative Perspective. 4–00.
Norris, P. (2019). Do perceptions of electoral malpractice undermine democratic satisfaction? The US in comparative perspective. International Political Science Review, 40(1), 5–22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118806783
Ross, C. (2014). Regional Elections and Electoral Malpractice in Russia: The Manipulation of Electoral Rules, Voters, and Votes. Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 3(1), 147–172.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43737662
Zavadskaya, M., Grömping, M., & i Coma, F. M. (2017). Electoral Sources of Authoritarian Resilience in Russia: Varieties of Electoral Malpractice, 2007–2016. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 25(4), 455–480.

1.2.3.1 Electoral violence

Animashaun, A. (2020). Democratization Trapped in Electoral Violence: Is Sub-Saharan Africa a Dangerous Place for Democracy? Contemporary Journal of African Studies (CJAS), 7(2), 18–30.
https://doi.org/10.4314/contjas.v7i2.2
Birch, S. (2020). Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order. Princeton University Press.
Birch, S., Buril, F., Cheeseman, N., Clark, A., Darnolf, S., Dodsworth, S., Garber, L., Gutiérrez-Romero, R., Hollstein, T., & James, T. S. (2020). How to hold elections safely and democratically during the COVID-19 pandemic (p. 39). British Academy.
Birch, S., Daxecker, U., & Höglund, K. (2020). Electoral violence: An introduction. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 3–14.
https://doi.org/1 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319889657
Daxecker, U. (2020). Unequal votes, unequal violence: Malapportionment and election violence in India. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 156–170.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884985
Fjelde, H. (2020). Political party strength and electoral violence. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 140–155.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319885177
Goldring, E., & Wahman, M. (2018). Fighting for a name on the ballot: Constituency-level analysis of nomination violence in Zambia. Democratization, 25(6), 996–1015.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2017.1394844
Kjær, A. M., & Katusiimeh, M. W. (2021). Nomination Violence In Uganda’s National Resistance Movement. African Affairs, 120(479), 177–198.
https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adab013
Mac Giollabhui, S. (2018). Battleground: Candidate selection and violence in Africa’s dominant political parties. Democratization, 25(6), 978–995.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1451841
Reeder, B. W., & Seeberg, M. B. (2018). Fighting your friends? A study of intra-party violence in sub-Saharan Africa. Democratization, 25(6), 1033–1051.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1441291
Seeberg, M. B., Wahman, M., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2018). Candidate nomination, intra-party democracy, and election violence in Africa. Democratization, 25(6), 959–977.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2017.1420057
Seeberg, M. B., Wahman, M., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2020). Violence and Candidate Nomination in Africa. Routledge.
Toros, E., & Birch, S. (2021). How citizens attribute blame for electoral violence: Regional differences and party identification in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 21(2), 251–271.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2021.1915642
Wahman, M., & Goldring, E. (2020). Pre-election violence and territorial control: Political dominance and subnational election violence in polarized African electoral systems. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 93–110.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884990
Wanyama, F. O., & Elklit, J. (2018). Electoral violence during party primaries in Kenya. Democratization, 25(6), 1016–1032.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1425295

1.2.3.2 Measuring and monitoring elections

Birch, S. (2009). Electoral corruption. In T. Landman & N. Robinson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics (1st ed., pp. 395–409). Sage.
Chong, A., De La O, A. L., Karlan, D., & Wantchekon, L. (2015). Does Corruption Information Inspire the Fight or Quash the Hope? A Field Experiment in Mexico on Voter Turnout, Choice, and Party Identification. The Journal of Politics, 77(1), 55–71.
https://doi.org/10.1086/678766
Elklit, J., & Reynolds, A. (2005). A framework for the systematic study of election quality. Democratization, 12(2), 147–162.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340500069204
Elklit, J., & Svensson, P. (1997a). The Rise of Election Monitoring: What Makes Elections Free and Fair? Journal of Democracy, 8(3), 32–46.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0041
Elklit, J., & Svensson, P. (1997b). What Makes Elections Free and Fair? Journal of Democracy, 8(3), 32–46.
https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0041
Kunicova, J., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (2005). Electoral rules and constitutional structures as constraints on corruption. British Journal of Political Science, 35(4), 573–606.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123405000311
Persson, T., Tabellini, G., & Trebbi, F. (2003). Electoral Rules and Corruption. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 958–989.
https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493203
Simpser, A. (2005). Making Votes Not Count: Strategic Incentives for Electoral Corruption [PhD]. Stanford University.
Weschle, S. (2016). Punishing personal and electoral corruption: Experimental evidence from India. Research & Politics, 3(2).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016645136

2. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION ⏵

Fossen, T. (2019a). Collective Action, Constituent Power, and Democracy: On Representation in Lindahl’s Philosophy of Law. Etica e Politica/Ethics and Politics, 21(3), 383–390.
Fossen, T. (2019b). Constructivism and the Logic of Political Representation. American Political Science Review, 113(3), 824–837.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000273
Gastil, J., Richards, R., & Knobloch, K. (2014). Vicarious Deliberation: How the Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review Influenced Deliberation in Mass Elections. International Journal of Communication, 8, 62–89.
Kis, J. (2008). Politics as a Moral Problem. Central European University Press.
Klein, S. (2022). Democracy Requires Organized Collective Power: On the Limits of Liberal Proceduralism. 30(1), 26–47.
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Saward, M. (2014). Shape-shifting Representation. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 723–736.
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Saward, M. (2021). Democratic Design. Oxford University Press.
Walzer, M. (1973). Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2(2), 160–180.
Weber, M. (1948a). Politics as a vocation. In H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (p. 52). Routledge.
Weber, M. (1948b). Science as a vocation. In H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (p. 28). Routledge.
Williams, M. S. (2000). Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton University Press.

2.1 Conceptions of representation

Alonso, S., Keane, J., & Merkel, W. (Eds.). (2011). The Future of Representative Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
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Andeweg, R. B. (2003). Beyond representativeness? Trends in political representation. European Review, 11(2), 147–161.
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Andeweg, R. B., & Thomassen, J. J. (2005). Modes of political representation: Toward a new typology. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(4), 507–528.
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Ankersmit, F. R. (2002). Political Representation. Stanford University Press.
Barber, K. L. (2000). A Right to Representation: Proportional Election Systems for the Twenty-first Century. Ohio State University Press.
Brown, M. B. (2006). Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(2), 203–225.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00245.x
Bühlmann, M., & Fivaz, J. (2016). Political Representation: Roles, representatives and the represented. Routledge.
Burke, E. (2003). Reflections on the Revolution in France. Yale University Press.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq925
Bybee, K. J. (2002). Mistaken Identity: The Supreme Court and the Politics of Minority Representation. Princeton University Press.
Conti, G. (2019). Parliament the Mirror of the Nation: Representation, Deliberation, and Democracy in Victorian Britain. Cambridge University Press.
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Conti, G. (2021). Inegalitarian inclusivity: A reading of JS Mill’s mature theory of representation and electoral institutions in context. History of Political Thought, 42(1), 98–130.
Dimock, S. (2012). Parliamentary Ethics. In R. Chadwick (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition) (pp. 338–348). Academic Press.
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Disch, L. (2011). Toward a Mobilization Conception of Democratic Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(1), 100–114.
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Disch, L. (2012). Democratic Representation and the Constituency Paradox. In Perspectives on Politics (Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp. 599–616).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592712001636
Dovi, S. (2002). Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? American Political Science Review, 96(4), 729–743.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402000412
Dovi, S. (2007a). The Good Representative (Vol. 8). Wiley.
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Dovi, S. (2007b). Theorizing Women’s Representation in the United States. Politics & Gender, 3(3), 297.
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Dovi, S. (2020). What’s Missing? A Typology of Political Absence. The Journal of Politics, 82(2), 559–571.
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Dovi, S. (20018). Political Representation. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Eulau, H., & Karps, P. D. (1977). The Puzzle of Representation: Specifying Components of Responsiveness. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 233–254.
Fox, J., & Shotts, K. W. (2009). Delegates or Trustees? A Theory of Political Accountability. The Journal of Politics, 71(4), 1225–1237.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609990260
Fumagalli, C. (2018). Democratic representation and democratic sanctions. Representation, 54(3), 201–219.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2018.1502207
Gargarella, R. (1998). Full representation, deliberation, and Impartiality. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 260–280). Cambridge University Press.
Gay, C. (2002). Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship between Citizens and Their Government. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 717–732.
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Giger, N., & Lefkofridi, Z. (2016). “Alignment of objectives” between parties and their electors. In M. Bühlmann & J. Fivaz (Eds.), Political Representation: Roles, representatives and the represented. Routledge.
Gould, C., & Benhabib, S. (1996). Diversity and Democracy: Representing Differences. In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (pp. 171–186). Princeton University Press.
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Griffin, J. D., & Newman, B. (2005). Are Voters Better Represented? The Journal of Politics, 67(4), 1206–1227.
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Guinier, L. (1995). Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy. Free Press.
Hamilton, L. (2014). Freedom Is Power: Liberty Through Political Representation. Cambridge University Press.
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Krouse, R. W. (1982). Two Concepts of Democratic Representation: James and John Stuart Mill. The Journal of Politics, 44(2), 509–537.
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Kyritsis, D. (2006). Representation and Waldron’s Objection to Judicial Review. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 26(4), 733–751.
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Lepoutre, M. (2020). Democratic Group Cognition. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 48(1), 40–78.
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Lublin, D. (1999). The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton University Press.
Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge University Press.
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Mansbridge, J. (2003). Rethinking Representation. American Political Science Review, 97(4), 515–528.
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Mansbridge, J. (2009). A “Selection Model” of Political Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(4), 369–398.
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Mansbridge, J. (2011). Clarifying the Concept of Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 621–630.
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Mansbridge, J. (2019). Representation, legitimacy, and innovation. In Journal of Chinese Governance (Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 299–322).
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Mill, J. S. (1861). Considerations on Representative Government. Cambridge University Press.
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Pettit, P. (2010). Varieties of public representation. In I. Shapiro, S. C. Stokes, E. J. Wood, & A. S. Kirshner (Eds.), Political Representation (pp. 61–89). Cambridge University Press.
Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The Concept of Representation. University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503
Plotke, D. (1997). Representation is Democracy. Constellations, 4(1), 19–34.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00033
Przeworski, A. (2010). Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778490
Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (Eds.). (1999). Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175104
Rehfeld, A. (2009). Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy. American Political Science Review, 103(2), 214–230.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090261
Rehfeld, A. (2011). The Concepts of Representation. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 631–641.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000190
Rehfeld, A. (2017). What is Representation? On Being and Becoming a Representative. In M. Brito Vieira (Ed.), Reclaiming Representation: Contemporary Advances in the Theory of Political Representation. Routledge.
Runciman, D. (2007). The Paradox of Political Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 15(1), 93–114.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2007.00266.x
Sabl, A. (2009). Ruling Passions: Political Offices and Democratic Ethics. Princeton University Press.
Saward, M. (2006). The Representative Claim. Contemporary Political Theory, 5(3), 297–318.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300234
Saward, M. (2010). The Representative Claim. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579389.001.0001
Severs, E., & Dovi, S. (2018). Why We Need to Return to the Ethics of Political Representation. PS: Political Science & Politics, 51(2), 309–313.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517002414
Thompson, D. F. (2015). Political Representation. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition) (pp. 441–445). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.93099-X
Urbinati, N. (2000). Representation as Advocacy: A Study of Democratic Deliberation. Political Theory, 28(6), 758–786.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028006003
Urbinati, N. (2005). Continuity and rupture: The power of judgment in democratic representation. Constellations, 12(2), 194–222.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1351-0487.2005.00412.x
Urbinati, N. (2006). Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy. University of Chicago Press.
Urbinati, N., & Warren, M. E. (2008). The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 387–412.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053006.190533
Vieira, M. B., & Runciman, D. (2013). Representation. Polity.
Warren, M. E., Nagel, J. H., & Rogers, S. M. (2013). Citizen representatives. In Representation: Elections and Beyond (pp. 269–294). De Gruyter.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208177.269

2.2 Representative democracy ⏵

Bengtsson, Å., & Wass, H. (2010). Styles of Political Representation: What Do Voters Expect? Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20(1), 55–81.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457280903450724
Bowler, S. (2017). Trustees, Delegates, and Responsiveness in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 50(6), 766–793.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015626447
Brown, M. B. (2006). Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(2), 203–225.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00245.x
Knight, J., & Johnson, J. (1994). Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy. Political Theory, 22(2), 277–296.
https://doi.org/2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591794022002004
Mill, J. S. (1859). Considerations on representative government. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
Sabl, A. (2015). The Two Cultures of Democratic Theory: Responsiveness, Democratic Quality, and the Empirical-Normative Divide. Perspectives on Politics, 13(2), 345–365.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592715000079

2.2.1 Defences

Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The Concept of Representation. University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503
Urbinati, N. (2006). Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy. University of Chicago Press.

2.2.2 Objections

Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659935

2.3 Representation and groups ⏵

Calder, G., Bessone, M., & Zuolo, F. (Eds.). (2014). How Groups Matter Challenges of Toleration in Pluralistic Societies. Routledge.
Ceva, E. (2015). Why Toleration Is Not the Appropriate Response to Dissenting Minorities’ Claims. European Journal of Philosophy, 23(3), 633–651.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.2012.00563.x
Ceva, E., Laborde, C., & Bardon, A. (2017). How Should We Respect Conscience? In Religion in Liberal Political Philosophy (pp. 321–334). Oxford Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.003.0023
Ceva, E., & Zuolo, F. (2013). A Matter of Respect: On Majority‐Minority Relations in a Liberal Democracy. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 30(3), 239–253.
https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12021
Landa, D., & Duell, D. (2015). Social Identity and Electoral Accountability. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 671–689.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12128
Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.
https://doi.org10.2307/2647821
Mráz, A. (2021). How to Justify Mandatory Electoral Quotas: A Political Egalitarian Approach. Legal Theory, 27(4), 285–315.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352325221000252

2.3.1 Gender and representation ⏵

Karpowitz, C. F., & Mendelberg, T. (2014). The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions. Princeton University Press.
Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Goedert, N. (2013). Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice? How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 291–306.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12077
Reingold, B. (2008). Women as Officeholders: Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation. In C. Wolbrecht, K. Beckwith, & L. Baldez (Eds.), Political Women and American Democracy (Vol. 9, pp. 128–147).
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790621.011
Squires, J. (2008). The Constitutive Representation of Gender: Extra-parliamentary Re-presentations of Gender Relations. Representation: Journal of Representative Democracy, 44(2), 187–204.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890802080464

2.3.1.1 Empirical analyses ⏵

2.3.1.1.1 Empirical analyses generally
Ahrens, P., Chmilewski, K., Lang, S., & Sauer, B. (2020). Gender Equality in Politics: Implementing Party Quotas in Germany and Austria. Springer Nature.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34895-3
Aldrich, A. S., & Daniel, W. T. (2020). The Consequences of Quotas: Assessing the Effect of Varied Gender Quotas on Legislator Experience in the European Parliament. Politics & Gender, 16(3), 738–767.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000291
Arceneaux, K. (2001). The ‘Gender Gap’ in State Legislative Representation: New Data to Tackle an Old Question. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 143–160.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400108
Barnes, T. D., & Holman, M. R. (2020). Gender Quotas, Women’s Representation, and Legislative Diversity. The Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1271–1286.
https://doi.org/10.1086/708336
Bauer, G. (2008). Fifty/Fifty by 2020: Electoral Gender Quotas for Parliament in East and Southern Africa. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 348–368.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740802185668
Beckwith, K., & Cowell-Meyers, K. (2007). Sheer Numbers: Critical Representation Thresholds and Women’s Political Representation. Perspectives on Politics, 5(3), 553–565.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270707154X
Belschner, J., & Garcia de Paredes, M. (2021). Hierarchies of Representation: The Re-distributive Effects of Gender and Youth Quotas. Representation, 57(1), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778510
Bird, K. (2004). The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research (AMID Working Paper Series). McMaster University.
Bird, K. (2014). Ethnic quotas and ethnic representation worldwide. International Political Science Review, 35(1), 12–26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113507798
Bjarnegård, E., & Zetterberg, P. (2011). Removing quotas, maintaining representation: Overcoming gender inequalities in political party recruitment. Representation, 47(2), 187–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.581077
Bonomi, G., Brosio, G., & Di Tommaso, M. L. (2013). The Impact of Gender Quotas on Votes for Women Candidates: Evidence from Italy. Feminist Economics, 19(4), 48–75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.825375
Buckley, F. (2013). Women and Politics in Ireland: The Road to Sex Quotas. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 341–359.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2013.818537
Bush, S. S. (2011). International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures. International Organization, 65(1), 103–137.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000287
Childs, S. (2008). Women and British Party Politics: Descriptive, Substantive and Symbolic Representation. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203019443
Dahlerup, D. (2013). Women, Quotas and Politics. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099544
Darhour, H., & Dahlerup, D. (2013). Sustainable representation of women through gender quotas: A decade’s experience in Morocco. 41(2), 132–142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.008
Galligan, Y. (2013). Gender and politics in Northern Ireland: The representation gap revisited. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 413–433.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2013.826193
Goertz, G., & Mazur, A. (2008). Politics, Gender, and Concepts: Theory and Methodology. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755910
Hansen, S. B. (1997). Talking About Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing. The Journal of Politics, 59(1), 73–103.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2998216
Hardy-Fanta, C. (2007). Intersectionality and Politics: Recent Research on Gender, Race, and Political Representation in the United States. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726303
Höhmann, D. (2019). When Do Female MPs Represent Women’s Interests? Electoral Systems and the Legislative Behavior of Women. Political Research Quarterly, 73(4), 834–847.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919859437
Howell, S. E., & Day, C. L. (2000). Complexities of the Gender Gap. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 858–874.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00036
Jones, M. P. (2009). Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence From the Latin American Vanguard. Comparative Political Studies, 42(1), 56–81.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008324993
Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). When politics is not just a man’s game: Women’s representation and political engagement. Electoral Studies, 27(1), 105–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.009
Kayuni, H. M., & Muriaas, R. L. (2014). Alternatives to gender quotas: Electoral financing of women candidates in Malawi. Representation, 50(3), 393–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2014.951235
Kjerulf Dubrow, J. (2011). The importance of party ideology: Explaining parliamentarian support for political party gender quotas in Eastern Europe. Party Politics, 17(5), 561–579.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810377190
Krook, M. L. (2007). Candidate gender quotas: A framework for analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 367–394.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x
Krook, M. L. (2010). Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375671.001.0001
Krook, M. L., & O’Brien, D. Z. (2010). The politics of group representation: Quotas for women and minorities worldwide. Comparative Politics, 42(3), 253–272.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041510X12911363509639
Kunovich, S., & Paxton, P. (2005). Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women’s National Political Representation. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 505–552.
https://doi.org/10.1086/444445
Landa, D., & Duell, D. (2015). Social Identity and Electoral Accountability. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 671–689.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12128
Lawless, J. L. (2004). Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation. Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 81–99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107
Marshment, M. (1997). The picture is political: Representation of women in contemporary popular culture. In Introducing Women’s Studies (pp. 125–151). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25726-3_6
Miguel, L. F. (2008). Political Representation and Gender in Brazil: Quotas for Women and their Impact. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 27(2), 197–214.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00263.x
Panday, P. K. (2008). Representation without participation: Quotas for women in Bangladesh. International Political Science Review, 29(4), 489–512.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512108095724
Paxton, P., Kunovich, S., & Hughes, M. M. (2007). Gender in Politics. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 33, 263–284.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131651
Piscopo, J. M., & Shames, S. L. (Eds.). (2020). The Right to Be Elected: 100 Years Since Women’s Suffrage. Boston Review.
Reh, C. (2014). Is informal politics undemocratic? Trilogues, early agreements and the selection model of representation. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(6), 822–841.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.910247
Ruedin, D. (2013). Why Aren’t They There? The Political Representation of Women, Ethnic Groups and Issue Positions in Legislatures. ECPR Press.
Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 5–28.
https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009787500330
Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407–428.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00323.x
Somani, A. A. (2013). The Use of Gender Quotas in America: Are Voluntary Party Quotas the Way to Go?the Way to Go? William & Mary Law Review, 54(4), 1451–1488.
Tan, N. (2015). Party Quotas and Rising Women Politicians in Singapore. Politics & Gender, 11(1), 196.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000646
Tolley, E. (2011). Do Women ‘Do Better’ in Municipal Politics? Electoral Representation across Three Levels of Government. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 44(3), 573–594.
Tremblay, M. (Ed.). (2012). Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230610378
Tripp, A. M., & Kang, A. (2008). The Global Impact of Quotas: On the Fast Track to Increased Female Legislative Representation. Comparative Political Studies, 41(3), 338–361.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006297342
Union, I.-P. (2024). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. IPU Parline.
https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking
Vengroff, R., Nyiri, Z., & Fugiero, M. (2003). Electoral System and Gender Representation in Sub-National Legislatures: Is there a National—Sub-National Gender Gap? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600205
Verba, S., Burns, N., & Schlozman, K. L. (1997). Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement. The Journal of Politics, 59(4), 1051–1072.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2998592
Verge, T. (2012). Institutionalising Gender Equality in Spain: From Party Quotas to Electoral Gender Quotas. West European Politics, 35(2), 395–414.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.648014
Verge, T., & De la Fuente, M. (2014). Playing with different cards: Party politics, gender quotas and women’s empowerment. International Political Science Review, 35(1), 67–79.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113508295
Wängnerud, L. (2000). Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag. Scandinavian Political Studies, 23(1), 67–91.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00031
Wängnerud, L. (2009). Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 51–69.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839
Wolak, J. (2020). Descriptive Representation and the Political Engagement of Women. Politics & Gender, 16(2), 339–362.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000910
Xydias, C. V. (2007). Inviting More Women to the Party: Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation in Germany. International Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 52–66.
https://doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659370403
Zetterberg, P. (2008). The Downside of Gender Quotas? Institutional Constraints on Women in Mexican State. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442–460.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn016
2.3.1.1.2 On the gender gap
Arceneaux, K. (2001). The ‘Gender Gap’ in State Legislative Representation: New Data to Tackle an Old Question. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 143–160.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400108
Beckwith, K., & Cowell-Meyers, K. (2007). Sheer Numbers: Critical Representation Thresholds and Women’s Political Representation. Perspectives on Politics, 5(3), 553–565.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270707154X
Bird, K. (2004). The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research (AMID Working Paper Series). McMaster University.
Childs, S. (2008). Women and British Party Politics: Descriptive, Substantive and Symbolic Representation. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203019443
Galligan, Y. (2013). Gender and politics in Northern Ireland: The representation gap revisited. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 413–433.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2013.826193
Goertz, G., & Mazur, A. (2008). Politics, Gender, and Concepts: Theory and Methodology. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755910
Hansen, S. B. (1997). Talking About Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing. The Journal of Politics, 59(1), 73–103.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2998216
Hardy-Fanta, C. (2007). Intersectionality and Politics: Recent Research on Gender, Race, and Political Representation in the United States. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726303
Howell, S. E., & Day, C. L. (2000). Complexities of the Gender Gap. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 858–874.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00036
Karp, J. A., & Banducci, S. A. (2008). When politics is not just a man’s game: Women’s representation and political engagement. Electoral Studies, 27(1), 105–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.009
Kunovich, S., & Paxton, P. (2005). Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women’s National Political Representation. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 505–552.
https://doi.org/10.1086/444445
Lawless, J. L. (2004). Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation. Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 81–99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700107
Paxton, P., Kunovich, S., & Hughes, M. M. (2007). Gender in Politics. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 33, 263–284.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131651
Phillips, A. (1995). The Politics of Presence. Oxford Academic.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294158.001.0001
Reh, C. (2014). Is informal politics undemocratic? Trilogues, early agreements and the selection model of representation. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(6), 822–841.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.910247
Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407–428.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00323.x
Tolley, E. (2011). Do Women ‘Do Better’ in Municipal Politics? Electoral Representation across Three Levels of Government. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 44(3), 573–594.
Vengroff, R., Nyiri, Z., & Fugiero, M. (2003). Electoral System and Gender Representation in Sub-National Legislatures: Is there a National—Sub-National Gender Gap? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600205
Verba, S., Burns, N., & Schlozman, K. L. (1997). Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement. The Journal of Politics, 59(4), 1051–1072.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2998592
Wängnerud, L. (2000). Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag. Scandinavian Political Studies, 23(1), 67–91.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00031
2.3.1.1.3 On elgislative quotas
Belschner, J., & Garcia de Paredes, M. (2021). Hierarchies of Representation: The Re-distributive Effects of Gender and Youth Quotas. Representation, 57(1), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778510
Krook, M. L. (2010). Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375671.001.0001
Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 5–28.
https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009787500330
Verge, T. (2012). Institutionalising Gender Equality in Spain: From Party Quotas to Electoral Gender Quotas. West European Politics, 35(2), 395–414.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.648014
2.3.1.1.4 On intra-party quotas
Ahrens, P., Chmilewski, K., Lang, S., & Sauer, B. (2020). Gender Equality in Politics: Implementing Party Quotas in Germany and Austria. Springer Nature.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34895-3
Bauer, G. (2008). Fifty/Fifty by 2020: Electoral Gender Quotas for Parliament in East and Southern Africa. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 348–368.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740802185668
Bjarnegård, E., & Zetterberg, P. (2011). Removing quotas, maintaining representation: Overcoming gender inequalities in political party recruitment. Representation, 47(2), 187–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.581077
Bonomi, G., Brosio, G., & Di Tommaso, M. L. (2013). The Impact of Gender Quotas on Votes for Women Candidates: Evidence from Italy. Feminist Economics, 19(4), 48–75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.825375
Bruhn, K. (2003). Whores and lesbians: Political activism, party strategies, and gender quotas in Mexico. Electoral Studies, 22(1), 101–119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(01)00039-7
Buckley, F. (2013). Women and Politics in Ireland: The Road to Sex Quotas. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 341–359.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2013.818537
Bush, S. S. (2011). International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures. International Organization, 65(1), 103–137.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000287
Caul, M. (2001). Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Politics, 63(4), 1214–1229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00107
Dahlerup, D. (2005). Increasing women’s political representation: New trends in gender quotas. In J. Ballington & A. Karam (Eds.), Women in parliament: Beyond numbers (A Revised Edition, pp. 141–153). International IDEA.
Dahlerup, D. (2013). Women, Quotas and Politics. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099544
Dahlerup, D., & Freidenvall, L. (2005). Quotas as a ‘fast track’to equal representation for women: Why Scandinavia is no longer the model. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(1), 26–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674042000324673
Dahlerup, D., & Norris, P. (2015). On the Fast Track: The Spread of Gender Quota Policies for Elected Office (RWP15-041).
Darhour, H., & Dahlerup, D. (2013). Sustainable representation of women through gender quotas: A decade’s experience in Morocco. 41(2), 132–142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.008
Davidson-Schmich, L. K. (2006). Implementation of Political Party Gender Quotas: Evidence from the German Länder 1990–2000. Party Politics, 12(2), 211–232.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068806061338
Freidenvall, L. (2005). A Discursive Struggle—The Swedish National Federation of Social Democratic Women and Gender Quotas. Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(03), 175–186.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740600604664
Jones, M. P. (1998). Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Lessons from the Argentine Provinces. Comparative Political Studies, 31(1), 3–21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031001001
Jones, M. P. (2009). Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence From the Latin American Vanguard. Comparative Political Studies, 42(1), 56–81.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008324993
Kayuni, H. M., & Muriaas, R. L. (2014). Alternatives to gender quotas: Electoral financing of women candidates in Malawi. Representation, 50(3), 393–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2014.951235
Kjerulf Dubrow, J. (2011). The importance of party ideology: Explaining parliamentarian support for political party gender quotas in Eastern Europe. Party Politics, 17(5), 561–579.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810377190
Kolinsky, E. (1991). Political participation and parliamentary careers: Women’s quotas in West Germany. West European Politics, 14(1), 56–72.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389108424832
Krook, M. L. (2006). Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide. Politics & Gender, 2(3), 303–327.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X06060107
Krook, M. L. (2007). Candidate gender quotas: A framework for analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 367–394.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00704.x
Krook, M. L., & O’Brien, D. Z. (2010). The politics of group representation: Quotas for women and minorities worldwide. Comparative Politics, 42(3), 253–272.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041510X12911363509639
Leakovi, K. (2004). Political Party Quotas in the Croatian Social Democratic Party. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)/CEE Network for Gender Issues Conference, Budapest, Hungary.
Meier, P. (2004). The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas: A Belgian Perspective. Party Politics, 10(5), 583–600.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804045389
Miguel, L. F. (2008). Political Representation and Gender in Brazil: Quotas for Women and their Impact. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 27(2), 197–214.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00263.x
Myakayaka-Manzini, M. (2003). Political Party Quotas in South Africa. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)/Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA)/Southern African Development Community (SADC) Parliamentary Forum, Pretoria, South Africa.
Nanivadekar, M. (2006). Are Quotas a Good Idea? The Indian Experience with Reserved Seats for Women. Politics & Gender, 2(1), 119.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X06241011
Norris, P. (1994). Labour Party quotas for women. British Elections and Parties Yearbook, 4(1), 167–180.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13689889408412947
Panday, P. K. (2008). Representation without participation: Quotas for women in Bangladesh. International Political Science Review, 29(4), 489–512.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512108095724
Schwindt‐Bayer, L. A. (2009). Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws On the Election of Women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 5–28.
https://doi.org/10.3162/036298009787500330
Somani, A. A. (2013). The Use of Gender Quotas in America: Are Voluntary Party Quotas the Way to Go?the Way to Go? William & Mary Law Review, 54(4), 1451–1488.
Squires, J. (1996). Quotas for Women: Fair Representation? Parliamentary Affairs, 49(1), 71–89.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a028674
Tan, N. (2015). Party Quotas and Rising Women Politicians in Singapore. Politics & Gender, 11(1), 196.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000646
Tinker, I. (2004). Quotas for women in elected legislatures: Do they really empower women? Women’s Studies International Forum, 27(5–6), 531–546.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2004.09.008
Tremblay, M. (Ed.). (2012). Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230610378
Tripp, A. M., & Kang, A. (2008). The Global Impact of Quotas: On the Fast Track to Increased Female Legislative Representation. Comparative Political Studies, 41(3), 338–361.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006297342
Union, I.-P. (2024). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. IPU Parline.
https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking
Verge, T., & De la Fuente, M. (2014). Playing with different cards: Party politics, gender quotas and women’s empowerment. International Political Science Review, 35(1), 67–79.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113508295
Women’s Political Participation: Africa Barometer (p. 236). (2021). International IDEA.
https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.21
Xydias, C. V. (2007). Inviting More Women to the Party: Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation in Germany. International Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 52–66.
https://doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659370403
Zetterberg, P. (2008). The Downside of Gender Quotas? Institutional Constraints on Women in Mexican State. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442–460.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn016

2.3.1.2 Normative analyses

Bajpai, R. (2011). Debating Difference: Group Rights and Liberal Democracy in India. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067504.001.0001
Barnes, T. D., & Holman, M. R. (2020). Gender Quotas, Women’s Representation, and Legislative Diversity. The Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1271–1286.
https://doi.org/10.1086/708336
Campbell, R., Childs, S., & Lovenduski, J. (2010). Do Women Need Women Representatives? British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 171–194.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123409990408
Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2008). Rethinking women’s substantive representation. Representation, 44(2), 99–110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890802079573
Claudie. (2005). State Feminism and Political Representation (J. Lovenduski, Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490996
Diamond, I., & Hartsock, N. (1981). Beyond Interests in Politics: A Comment on Virginia Sapiro’s “When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women”. American Political Science Review, 75(3), 717–721.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1960963
Dovi, S. (2007). Theorizing Women’s Representation in the United States. Politics & Gender, 3(3), 297.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X07000281
Hobbs, H. (2017). Democratic Theory and Constitutional Design: Hearing Persistent Electoral Minorities. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 24(4), 341–389.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26557926
Htun, M. (2004). Is Gender like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups. Perspectives on Politics, 2(3), 439–458.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592704040241
Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.
https://doi.org10.2307/2647821
Phillips, A. (1998). The Politics of Presence. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294158.001.0001
Rehfeld, A. (2009). On quotas and qualifications for office. In I. Shapiro, S. C. Stokes, E. J. Wood, & A. S. Kirshner (Eds.), Political Representation (pp. 236–268). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813146.011
Sapiro, V. (1981). Research Frontier Essay: When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women. The American Political Science Review, 75(3), 701–716.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1960962
Sunstein, C. R. (1991). Preferences and Politics. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20(1), 3–34.
Williams, S. H. (2009). Equality, Representation, and Challenge to Hierarchy: Justifying Electoral Quotas for Women. In S. H. Williams (Ed.), Constituting Equality: Gender Equality and Comparative Constitutional Law (pp. 53–72). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596780.004
Young, I. M. (1993). Justice and communicative democracy. In R. S. Gottlieb (Ed.), Radical Philosophy: Tradition, Counter-Tradition, Politics. Temple University Press.

2.3.2 Ethnic and racial minority representation ⏵

Pietsch, J. (2017). Explaining the political under-representation of Asian Australians: Geographical concentration and voting patterns. Political Science, 69(2), 161–174.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2017.1345283

2.3.2.1 Empirical analyses

Aktürk, Ş. (2010). The Turkish minority in German politics: Trends, diversification of representation, and policy implications. Insight Turkey, 65–80.
Beach, B., Jones, D. B., Twinam, T., & Walsh, R. (2018). Minority representation in local government (w25192). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bird, K. (2004). The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies: A Framework for Comparative Research (AMID Working Paper Series). McMaster University.
Bird, K. (2010). Patterns of substantive representation among visible minority MPs: Evidence from Canada’s House of Commons. In K. Bird, T. Saalfeld, & A. M. Wüst (Eds.), The political representation of immigrants and minorities: Voters, parties and parliaments in liberal democracies. Routledge.
Bird, K. (2014). Ethnic quotas and ethnic representation worldwide. International Political Science Review, 35(1), 12–26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113507798
Bird, K., Saalfeld, T., & Wüst, A. M. (2010). The Political Representation of Immigrants and Minorities: Voters, Parties and Parliaments in Liberal Democracies (Vol. 70). Routledge.
Black, M. (1978). Racial composition of congressional districts and support for federal voting rights in the American south. Social Science Quarterly, 59(3), 435–450.
Bloemraad, I. (2013). Accessing the Corridors of Power: Puzzles and Pathways to Understanding Minority Representation. West European Politics, 36(3), 652–670.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.773733
Bloemraad, I., & Schönwälder, K. (2013). Immigrant and Ethnic Minority Representation in Europe: Conceptual Challenges and Theoretical Approaches. West European Politics, 36(3), 564–579.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.773724
Brockington, D., Donovan, T., Bowler, S., & Brischetto, R. (1998). Minority representation under cumulative and limited voting. The Journal of Politics, 60(4), 1108–1125.
Bueno, N. S., & Dunning, T. (2017). Race, ResouRces, and RepResentation evidence from Brazilian politicians. World Pol., 69, 327.
Cameron, C., Epstein, D., & O’halloran, S. (1996). Do majority-minority districts maximize substantive black representation in Congress? American Political Science Review, 794–812.
Canon, D. T. (1999). Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(3), 331–385.
https://doi.org/10.2307/440349
Canon, D. T., & Posner, R. A. (1999). Race, redistricting, and representation: The unintended consequences of black majority districts. University of Chicago Press.
Dancygier, R. M., Lindgren, K.-O., Oskarsson, S., & Vernby, K. (2015). Why are immigrants underrepresented in politics? Evidence from Sweden. American Political Science Review, 703–724.
Durose, C., Richardson, L., Combs, R., Eason, C., & Gains, F. (2013). ‘Acceptable Difference’: Diversity, Representation and Pathways to UK Politics. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(2), 246–267.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss085
Epstein, D., & O’Halloran, S. (1999). A Social Science Approach to Race, Redistricting, and Representation. American Political Science Review, 187–191.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2585770
Forest, B. (2001). Mapping Democracy: Racial Identity and the Quandary of Political Representation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(1), 143–166.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00237
Garbaye, R. (2005). Getting into local power: The politics of ethnic minorities in British and French cities (Vol. 23). John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470761625
Gay, C. (2001). The effect of black congressional representation on political participation. American Political Science Review, 589–602.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401003021
Gerber, E. R., Morton, R. B., & Rietz, T. A. (2014). Minority Representation in Multimember Districts. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 127–144.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2585933
Griffin, J. D., & Newman, B. (2007). The Unequal Representation of Latinos and Whites. The Journal of Politics, 69(4), 1032–1046.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00605.x
Hajnal, Z. L. (2009). America’s Uneven Democracy: Race, Turnout, and Representation in City Politics. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800535
Herron, M. C., & Sekhon, J. S. (2005). Black Candidates and Black Voters: Assessing the Impact of Candidate Race on Uncounted Vote Rates. The Journal of Politics, 67(1), 154–177.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00312.x
Hochschild, J., Piston, S., & Weaver, V. M. (2021). My Group or Myself? How Black, Latino, and White Americans Choose a Neighborhood, Job, and Candidate when Personal and Group Interest Diverge. Perspectives on Politics, 19(4), 1184–1204.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759272000482X
Hughes, M. M. (2016). Electoral Systems and the Legislative Representation of Muslim Ethnic Minority Women in the West, 2000–2010. Parliamentary Affairs, 69(3), 548–568.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv062
Krook, M. L., & O’Brien, D. Z. (2010). The politics of group representation: Quotas for women and minorities worldwide. Comparative Politics, 42(3), 253–272.
https://doi.org/10.5129/001041510X12911363509639
Landa, D., & Duell, D. (2015). Social Identity and Electoral Accountability. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 671–689.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12128
Lien, P., Pinderhughes, D. M., Hardy-Fanta, C., & Sierra, C. M. (2007). The Voting Rights Act and the Election of Nonwhite Officials. PS: Political Science and Politics, 40(3), 489–494.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096507070746
Lublin, D. (1999). The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton University Press.
McClain, P. (2018). Can We All Get Along? Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. Routledge.
McGarry, A. (2014). Roma as a political identity: Exploring representations of Roma in Europe. Ethnicities, 14(6), 756–774.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814542182
Overby, L. M., & Cosgrove, K. M. (1996). Unintended Consequences? Racial Redistricting and the Representation of Minority Interests. The Journal of Politics, 58(2), 540–550.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2960239
Pande, R. (2003). Can Mandated Political Representation Increase Policy Influence for Disadvantaged Minorities? Theory and Evidence from India. American Economic Review, 93(4), 1132–1151.
https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206232
Philpot, T. S., & Walton, H. (2007). One of Our Own: Black Female Candidates and the Voters Who Support Them. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 49–62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00236.x
Rocha, R. R., Tolbert, C. J., Bowen, D. C., & Clark, C. J. (2010). Race and Turnout: Does Descriptive Representation in State Legislatures Increase Minority Voting? Political Research Quarterly, 63(4), 890–907.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910376388
Ruedin, D. (2013). Why Aren’t They There? The Political Representation of Women, Ethnic Groups and Issue Positions in Legislatures. ECPR Press.
Saalfeld, T., & Bischof, D. (2013). Minority-Ethnic MPs and the Substantive Representation of Minority Interests in the House of Commons, 2005–20111. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(2), 305–328.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss084
Saggar, S. (2000). Race and representation: Electoral politics and ethnic pluralism in Britain. Manchester University Press.
Schuit, S., & Rogowski, J. C. (2017). Race, representation, and the voting rights act. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), 513–526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12284
Sobolewska, M. (2013). Party strategies and the descriptive representation of ethnic minorities: The 2010 British general election. West European Politics, 36(3), 615–633.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.773729
Sobolewska, M., McKee, R., & Campbell, R. (2018). Explaining motivation to represent: How does descriptive representation lead to substantive representation of racial and ethnic minorities? West European Politics, 41(6), 1237–1261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1455408
Tate, K. (2001). The Political Representation of Blacks in Congress: Does Race Matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 26(4), 623–638.
Whitby, K. J. (2002). Bill Sponsorship and Intraracial Voting among African American Representatives. American Politics Research, 30(1), 93–109.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X02030001004

2.3.2.2 Normative analyses

Agarin, T. (2020). The limits of inclusion: Representation of minority and non-dominant communities in consociational and liberal democracies. International Political Science Review, 41(1), 15–29.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119881801
Bajpai, R. (2011). Debating Difference: Group Rights and Liberal Democracy in India. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067504.001.0001
Banducci, S. A., Donovan, T., & Karp, J. A. (2004). Minority representation, empowerment, and participation. The Journal of Politics, 66(2), 534–556.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00163.x
Canon, D. T. (1999). Electoral Systems and the Representation of Minority Interests in Legislatures. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(3), 331–385.
https://doi.org/10.2307/440349
Charles, G.-U. E. (2007). Race, Redistricting, and Representation. Ohio State Law Journal, 68, 1185–1212.
Ciepley, D. (2013). Dispersed Constituency Democracy: Deterritorializing Representation to Reduce Ethnic Conflict. Politics & Society, 41(1), 135–162.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213475585
Dovi, S. (2002). Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do? American Political Science Review, 96(4), 729–743.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402000412
Forest, B. (2001). Mapping Democracy: Racial Identity and the Quandary of Political Representation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(1), 143–166.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00237
Gerken, H. K. (2005). Second-Order Diversity. Harvard Law Review, 118(4), 1099–1196.
Guinier, L. (1994). The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy. Free Press.
Hayden, G. M. (2004). Resolving the Dilemma of Minority Representation. California Law Review, 92(6), 1589–1637.
Htun, M. (2004). Is Gender like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups. Perspectives on Politics, 2(3), 439–458.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592704040241
Issacharoff, S. (2004). Is Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act a Victim of Its Own Success? In Columbia Law Review (Vol. 104, Issue 6, pp. 1710–1731).
https://doi.org/10.2307/4099381
Issacharoff, S., & Pildes, R. H. (1998). Politics As Markets: Partisan Lockups of the Democratic Process. Stanford Law Review, 50(3), 643–717.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1229320
Kang, M. S. (2008). Race and Democratic Contestation. The Yale Law Journal, 117(5), 734–802.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20455811
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0198290918.001.0001
Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.
https://doi.org10.2307/2647821
McClain, P. (2018). Can We All Get Along? Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. Routledge.
Pildes, R. H., & Niemi, R. G. (1993). Expressive Harms, ’Bizarre Districts’, and Voting Rights: Evaluating Election-District Appearances after Shaw v. Reno. In Michigan Law Review (Vol. 92, Issue 3, p. 483).
Shah, P. (2014). It takes a black candidate: A supply-side theory of minority representation. Political Research Quarterly, 67(2), 266–279.
Song, S. (2007). Justice, Gender, and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490354
Thernstrom, A. (1987). Whose votes count? Affirmative Action and Minority Voting Rights. Harvard University Press.
Thomassen, J. (2012). The blind corner of political representation. Representation, 48(1), 13–27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2012.653229
Williams, M. (1998). Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton University Press.
Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.

2.3.3 Representation and other groups

Blunkett, D., & MacCormick, A. (2002). On a Clear Day. Michael O’Mara Books.
Christensen, D. A. (1997). Adaptation of Agrarian Parties in Norway and Sweden. Party Politics, 3(3), 391–406.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068897003003007
Elder, N., & Gooderham, R. (1978). The Centre Parties of Norway and Sweden. Government and Opposition, 13(2), 218–235.
Kluttz, B. (2014). Outness and Identity in Context: Negotiating Sexual Disclosure in LGBT Campaigns. Sexuality & Culture, 18(4), 789–803.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9221-x
Landa, D., & Duell, D. (2015). Social Identity and Electoral Accountability. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 671–689.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12128
Reher, S. (2021). Do Disabled Candidates Represent Disabled Citizens? British Journal of Political Science.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000733

2.3.4 Youth in politics

Albanesi, C. (2018). Citizenship Education in Italian Textbooks. How Much Space is There for Europe and Active Citizenship? JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education.
https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/JSSE-V17-I2-1710
Arensmeier, C. (2018). Different Expectations in Civic Education: A Comparison of Upper-Secondary School Textbooks in Sweden. JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education.
https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/JSSE-V17-I2-1704
Banaji, S., Mejias, S., & De La Pava Velez, B. (2018). The Significance of Ethnography in Youth Participation Research: Active Citizenship in the UK after the Brexit Vote. Sociální Studia/Social Studies, 15(2), 97–115.
Banaji, S., Mejias, S., Kouts, R., Piedade, F., Pavlopoulos, V., Tzankova, I., Mackova, A., & Amnå, E. (2017). Citizenship’s tangled web: Associations, gaps and tensions in formulations of European youth active citizenship across disciplines. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 250–269.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1367278
Beilmann, M., Kalmus, V., Macek, J., Macková, A., & Šerek, J. (2018). Youth in the Kaleidoscope: Civic Participation Types in Estonia and the Czech Republic. Sociální Studia / Social Studies, 15(2), 11–33.
https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2018-2-11
Bosi, L., Lavizzari, A., & Voli, S. (2020). Representation of Youth in the Public Debate in Greece, Italy, and Spain: Does the Political Leaning of Newspapers Have Any Effect? American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 620–637.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219885437
Dahl, V., Amnå, E., Banaji, S., Landberg, M., Šerek, J., Ribeiro, N., Beilmann, M., Pavlopoulos, V., & Zani, B. (2018). Apathy or alienation? Political passivity among youths across eight European Union countries. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 284–301.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1404985
Enchikova, E., Neves, T., Mejias, S., Kalmus, V., Cicognani, E., & Ferreira, P. D. (2019). Civic and Political Participation of European Youth: Fair Measurement in Different Cultural and Social Contexts. Frontiers in Education, 4, 10.
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00010
European Commission. (2018). EURYKA - Reinventing Democracy in Europe: Youth Doing Politics in Times of Increasing Inequalities. CORDIS | European Commission.
https://doi.org/10.3030/727025
European Commission. (2019). CATCH-EyoU - Constructing AcTive CitizensHip with European Youth: Policies, Practices, Challenges and Solutions. CORDIS | European Commission.
https://doi.org/10.3030/649538
Ferreira, P., Albanesi, C., & Menezes, I. (2018). European Identity and Citizenship in Textbooks/Educational Media. JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education.
https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/JSSE-V17-I2-1884
Flanagan, C. (2018). Who among European youth are active citizens at the EU level and why? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 355–359.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1442212
Giugni, M., & Grasso, M. (2020). Talking About Youth: The Depoliticization of Young People in the Public Domain. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 591–607.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219885429
Henn, M., & Oldfield, B. (2016). Cajoling or coercing: Would electoral engineering resolve the young citizen–state disconnect? Journal of Youth Studies, 19(9), 1259–1280.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1154935
IDEA. (1999). Youth Voter Participation: Involving Today’s Young in Tomorrow’s Democracy. International IDEA.
Jugert, P., Šerek, J., & Stollberg, J. (2019). Contextual moderators of the link between national and European identity among European youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(4), 436–456.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1510176
Kousis, M., & Giugni, M. (2020). Claiming and Framing Youth in the Public Domain During Times of Increasing Inequalities. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 567–573.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219885423
Lahusen, C., & Kiess, J. (2020). The Diverging Presence of Youth in Public Discourse: A Comparative Analysis of Youth-Related Debates Across Countries and Issue Fields. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 574–590.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219885426
Landberg, M., Eckstein, K., Mikolajczyk, C., Mejias, S., Macek, P., Motti-Stefanidi, F., Enchikova, E., Guarino, A., Rämmer, A., & Noack, P. (2018). Being both – A European and a national citizen? Comparing young people’s identification with Europe and their home country across eight European countries. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 270–283.
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Loukakis, A., & Portos, M. (2020). Another Brick in the Wall? Young people, Protest and Nonprotest Claims Making in Nine European Countries. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 669–685.
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Macek, J., Macková, A., Pavlopoulos, V., Kalmus, V., Elavsky, C. M., & Šerek, J. (2018). Trust in alternative and professional media: The case of the youth news audiences in three European countries. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 340–354.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1398079
Macek, J., Macková, A., & Šerek, J. (2018). Youth public and political: Young people as (ir) relevant actors in the realm of citizenship. Sociální Studia/Social Studies, 15(2), 5–7.
Mazzoni, D., Albanesi, C., Ferreira, P. D., Opermann, S., Pavlopoulos, V., & Cicognani, E. (2017). Cross-border mobility, European identity and participation among European adolescents and young adults. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 324–339.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1378089
Mazzoni, D., Cicognani, E., Cifatte, C., Albanesi, C., Zani, B., & Floresta, L. (2018). Italian Young People Through the Lens of Youth Policies. Sociální Studia/Social Studies, 15(2), 75–96.
Mejias, S., & Banaji, S. (2019). Backed into a corner: Challenging media and policy representations of youth citizenship in the UK. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1714–1732.
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Motti-Stefanidi, F., & Cicognani, E. (2018). Bringing the European Union closer to its young citizens: Youth active citizenship in Europe and trust in EU institutions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 243–249.
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Paschou, M., Kousis, M., Cinalli, M., & Chabanet, D. (2020). The Spatial Scope of Youth-Related Claims Making in Nine European Countries. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 686–700.
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Piedade, F., Ribeiro, N., Loff, M., Neves, T., & Menezes, I. (2018). Learning About the European Union in Times of Crisis: Portuguese Textbooks’ Normative Visions of European Citizenship. JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education.
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Šerek, J., & Jugert, P. (2018). Young European citizens: An individual by context perspective on adolescent European citizenship. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 302–323.
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Smith, K. A., & Holecz, V. (2020). Not Seen and Not Heard? The Representation of Young Women and Their Political Interests in the Traditional Print Public Sphere. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 638–651.
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Terren, L., Clua Infante, A., & Ferran-Ferrer, N. (2020). Falling on Deaf Ears? An Analysis of Youth Political Claims in the European Mainstream Press. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 608–619.
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Uba, K., & Stendahl, L. (2020). Youth- and Crime-Related Political Claims in Comparative Perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(5), 652–668.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.142305210.1177/0002764219885422

2.4 The role of representatives

Dovi, S. (2007). The Good Representative. Blackwell Publishing.
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Mráz, A. (2022). Legislation as Legal Interpretation: The Role of Legal Expertise and Political Representation. In F. Ferraro & S. Zorzetto (Eds.), Exploring the Province of Legislation (pp. 33–56). Springer.
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Weber, M. (1948b). Science as a vocation. In H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (p. 28). Routledge.

3. POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARTISANSHIP ⏵

APSA. (1950a). Part I. The Need for Greater Party Responsibility. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 15–36.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1950999
APSA. (1950b). Part II. Proposals for Party Responsibility. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 37–84.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.2307/1951000
APSA. (1950c). Part III. The Prospect for Action. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 85–96.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.2307/1951001
Beerbohm, E. (2016). The Ethics of Electioneering. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(4), 381–405.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.1111/jopp.12082
Berman, C. E., & Nugent, E. R. (2020). Regionalism in New Democracies: The Authoritarian Origins of Voter–Party Linkages. Political Research Quarterly, 73(4), 908–922.
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Betz, H.-G., & Meret, S. (2012). Right-wing populist parties and the working class vote: What have you done for us lately? In J. Rydgren (Ed.), Class Politics and the Radical Right (pp. 107–121). Routledge.
Biale, E., & Ottonelli, V. (2019). Intra-party Deliberation and Reflexive Control within a Deliberative System. Political Theory, 47(4), 500–526.
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Bonikowski, B. (2017). Ethno‐nationalist populism and the mobilization of collective resentment. The British Journal of Sociology, 68(S1), S181–S213.
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Bonotti, M. (2011). Conceptualising Political Parties: A Normative Framework. Politics, 31(1), 19–26.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2010.01398.x
Bonotti, M. (2017). Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies. Oxford University Press.
Bonotti, M. (2019). Justice, Political Obligation and Public Reason: Rethinking Partisanship and Political Liberalism. Res Publica, 25(4), 497–509.
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Bonotti, M., & Bader, V. (2016). Parties, Partisanship and Political Theory. Routledge.
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Dalton, R. J. (2009). Economics, environmentalism and party alignments: A note on partisan change in advanced industrial democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 48(2), 161–175.
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Deseriis, M. (2017). Direct Parliamentarianism: An Analysis of the Political Values Embedded in Rousseau, the ‘Operating System’ of the Five Star Movement. JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 9(2), 47–67.
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Efthymiou, D. E. (2018). The Normative Value of Partisanship: When and Why Partisanship Matters. Political Studies, 66(1), 192–208.
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European Commission. (2016). Can Direct Democracy Be Scaled? The Promise of Networked Democracy and the Affordances of Decision-Making Software. CORDIS | European Commission.
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Ignazi, P. (2017). Party and Democracy: The Uneven Road to Party Legitimacy. Oxford University Press.
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Jansen, R. S. (2011). Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach to Populism. Sociological Theory, 29(2), 75–96.
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Kemmers, R. (2017). Channelling discontent? Non-voters, populist party voters, and their meaningful political agency. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 4(4), 381–406.
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Muirhead, R. (2006). A Defense of Party Spirit. Perspectives on Politics, 4(04).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060452
Muirhead, R. (2010). Can Deliberative Democracy Be Partisan? Critical Review, 22(2–3), 129–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2010.508631
Muirhead, R. (2016). The Epistemic Basis for Political Opposition: Rejoinder to Min. Critical Review, 28(3–4), 412–419.
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Robbett, A., & Matthews, P. H. (02018). Partisan bias and expressive voting. Journal of Public Economics, 157, 107–120.
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Rosenblum, N. L. (2008). On the Side of the Angels: An Appreciation of Parties and Partisanship. Princeton University Press.
Sartori, G., & Mair, P. (2005). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. ECPR Press.
Schlesinger, J. A. (1975). The Primary Goals of Political Parties: A Clarification of Positive Theory. American Political Science Review, 69(3), 840–849.
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van Biezen, I., & Saward, M. (2008). Democratic Theorists and Party Scholars: Why They Don’t Talk to Each Other, and Why They Should. Perspectives on Politics, 6(01).
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Weinstock, D. (2019). Partisanship and Political Obligation: Some Sceptical Thoughts. Res Publica, 25(4), 475–486.
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White, J. (2018). The Ethics of Political Alliance. British Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 593–609.
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White, J., & Ypi, L. (2010). Rethinking the Modern Prince: Partisanship and the Democratic Ethos. Political Studies, 58(4), 809–828.
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White, J., & Ypi, L. (2011). On Partisan Political Justification. American Political Science Review, 105(2), 381–396.
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White, J., & Ypi, L. (2016). The meaning of partisanship. Oxford University Press.
Wolkenstein, F. (2015). What can we hold against populism? Philosophy & Social Criticism, 41(2), 111–129.
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Wolkenstein, F. (2016). A Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy: Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(3), 297–320.
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Wolkenstein, F. (2018a). Demoicracy, Transnational Partisanship and the EU. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(2), 284–299.
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Wolkenstein, F. (2018b). Intra-party democracy beyond aggregation. Party Politics, 24(4), 323–334.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816655563
Wolkenstein, F. (2018c). Membership ballots and the value of intra-party democracy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(4), 433–455.
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Wolkenstein, F. (2019). Agents of Popular Sovereignty. Political Theory, 47(3), 338–362.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591718786232

3.1 Political parties ⏵

APSA. (1950a). Part I. The Need for Greater Party Responsibility. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 15–36.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1950999
APSA. (1950b). Part II. Proposals for Party Responsibility. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 37–84.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.2307/1951000
APSA. (1950c). Part III. The Prospect for Action. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 85–96.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.2307/1951001
APSA. (1950d). Summary of Conclusions and Proposals. The American Political Science Review, 44(3), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1950998
Arias, E., Balán, P., Larreguy, H., Marshall, J., & Querubín, P. (2019). Information Provision, Voter Coordination, and Electoral Accountability: Evidence from Mexican Social Networks. American Political Science Review, 113(2), 475–498.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000091
Bértoa, F. C., & Taleski, D. (2016). Regulating party politics in the Western Balkans: The legal sources of party system development in Macedonia.
https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1378886
Bolleyer, N. (2017). Executive-legislative relations and inter-parliamentary cooperation in federal systems – lessons for the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(4), 520–543.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1272623
Bolleyer, N., & Correa, P. (2020). Member Influence and Involvement in Civil Society Organizations: A Resource Dependency Perspective on Groups and Parties. Political Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720968018
Bolleyer, N., & Gauja, A. (2015). The Limits of Regulation: Indirect Party Access to State Resources in Australia and the United Kingdom: The Limits of Regulation. Governance, 28(3), 321–340.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12090
Brady, D. W., Ferejohn, J. A., & Paparo, A. (2020). ‘Are we losing touch? ’Mainstream parties’ failure to represent their voters on immigration and its electoral consequences. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 50(3), 398–421.
https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2019.42
Camatarri, S., & Zucchini, F. (2019). Government coalitions and Eurosceptic voting in the 2014 European Parliament elections. European Union Politics, 20(3), 425–446.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116519851566
Carreras, M. (2012). The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010: An Institutionalist Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 45(12), 1451–1482.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012445753
Casal Bértoa, F., & Spirova, M. (2019). Parties between thresholds: State subsidies and party behaviour in post-communist democracies. Party Politics, 25(2), 233–244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817710221
Dalton, R. J., Farrell, D. M., & McAllister, I. (2011). Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001
De Vries, C. E., Hobolt, S., & Hobolt, S. B. (2020). Political Entrepreneurs. Princeton University Press.
Deseriis, M. (2017). Direct Parliamentarianism: An Analysis of the Political Values Embedded in Rousseau, the ‘Operating System’ of the Five Star Movement. JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 9(2), 47–67.
https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v9i2.471
European Commission. (2018). CIVICITI - The CItizen Participation Platform. CORDIS | European Commission.
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European Commission. (2021). EUDEMOS - Constrained Democracy: Citizens’ Responses to Limited Political Choice in the European Union.
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Hobolt, S. B. (2018). Brexit and the 2017 UK General Election: Brexit and the 2017 UK General Election. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56, 39–50.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12751
Hobolt, S. B., & Hoerner, J. M. (2020). The mobilising effect of political choice. European Journal of Political Research, 59(2), 229–247.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12353
Hobolt, S. B., & Rodon, T. (2020a). Cross-cutting issues and electoral choice. EU issue voting in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(2), 227–245.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1701535
Hobolt, S. B., & Rodon, T. (2020b). Domestic contestation of the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(2), 161–167.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1701066
Hobolt, S. B., & Tilley, J. (2016). Fleeing the centre: The rise of challenger parties in the aftermath of the euro crisis. West European Politics, 39(5), 971–991.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2016.1181871
Hoerner, J. M., & Hobolt, S. B. (2020). Unity in diversity? Polarization, issue diversity and satisfaction with democracy. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(12), 1838–1857.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1699592
Ibenskas, R., & Bolleyer, N. (2018). Forms of Inter-party Cooperation: Electoral Coalitions and Party Mergers. East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures, 32(3), 451–472.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325418755299
Ignazi, P. (2021). The failure of mainstream parties and the impact of new challenger parties in France, Italy and Spain. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 51(1), 100–116.
https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2020.26
Katz, R. S. (1990). Party as linkage: A vestigial function? European Journal of Political Research, 18(1), 143–161.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1990.tb00225.x
Kemmers, R. (2017). Channelling discontent? Non-voters, populist party voters, and their meaningful political agency. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 4(4), 381–406.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2017.1339203
Kitschelt, H., & Wilkinson, S. I. (2007). Citizen-politician linkages: An introduction. In H. Kitschelt & S. I. Wilkinson (Eds.), Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition (Vol. 2007, pp. 1–49). Cambridge University Press.
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Mosca, L. (2020). Democratic vision and online participatory spaces in the Italian Movimento 5 Stelle. Acta Politica, 55(1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-018-0096-y
Muirhead, R., & Rosenblum, N. L. (2020). The Political Theory of Parties and Partisanship: Catching Up. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 95–110.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-020727
Norris, P. (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge University Press.
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Oesch, D. (2008). Explaining Workers’ Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland. International Political Science Review, 29(3), 349–373.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512107088390
Peters, Y., & Ensink, S. J. (2015). Differential responsiveness in Europe: The effects of preference difference and electoral participation. West European Politics, 38(3), 577–600.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.973260
Rodon, T., & Guinjoan, M. (2018). When the context matters: Identity, secession and the spatial dimension in Catalonia. Political Geography, 63, 75–87.
https://doi/org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.01.004
Rydgren, J. (2005). Is extreme right‐wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family. European Journal of Political Research, 44(3), 413–437.
Tonhäuser, V., & Stavenes, T. (2020). Why change party finance transparency? Political competition and evidence from the ‘deviant’ case of Norway. European Journal of Political Research, 59(3), 578–598.
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Učeň, P. (2007). Parties, Populism, and Anti-Establishment Politics in East Central Europe. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 27(1), 49–62.
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van Biezen, I., & ten Napel, H.-M. (Eds.). (2014). Regulating Political Parties. European Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Leiden University Press.
https://doi.org/10.24415/9789087282189

3.1.1 Empirical analyses

Allern, E. H., & Bale, T. (2012). Political parties and interest groups: Disentangling complex relationships. Party Politics, 18(1), 7–25.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811422639
Ansolabehere, S., & Puy, M. S. (2016). Identity voting. Public Choice, 169(1), 77–95.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0371-2
Bélanger, É. (2004). Antipartyism and third-party vote choice: A comparison of Canada, Britain, and Australia. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 1054–1078.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268847
Biezen, I. van, & Kopecký, P. (2014). The cartel party and the state: Party–state linkages in European democracies. Party Politics, 20(2), 170–182.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813519961
Binderkrantz, A. S., Nielsen, M. K., Pedersen, H. H., & Tromborg, M. W. (2020). Pre-parliamentary party career and political representation. West European Politics, 43(6), 1315–1338.
Bisgaard, M., & Slothuus, R. (2018). Partisan elites as culprits? How party cues shape partisan perceptual gaps. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 456–469.
Bøggild, T., & Pedersen, H. H. (2018). Campaigning on behalf of the party? Party constraints on candidate campaign personalisation. European Journal of Political Research, 57(4), 883–899.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12256
Bøggild, T., & Pedersen, H. H. (2020). Voter reaction to legislator dissent across political systems. Electoral Studies, 68, 102235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102235
Christensen, M. (2013). The social facts of democracy: Science meets politics with Mosca, Pareto, Michels, and Schumpeter. Journal of Classical Sociology, 13(4), 460–486.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X13480646
Christiansen, F. J., & Pedersen, H. H. (2014). Minority coalition governance in Denmark. Party Politics, 20(6), 940–949.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812462924
Conroy, M., & Green, J. (2020). It Takes a Motive: Communal and Agentic Articulated Interest and Candidate Emergence. Political Research Quarterly, 73(4), 942–956.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920933668
Croissant, A., & Völkel, P. (2012). Party system types and party system institutionalization: Comparing new democracies in East and Southeast Asia. Party Politics, 18(2), 235–265.
Cross, W. (2008). Democratic norms and party candidate selection: Taking contextual factors into account. Party Politics, 14(5), 596–619.
Cross, W. (2011). Political parties. UBC Press.
Cross, W. P., & Pilet, J.-B. (2015). The politics of party leadership: A cross-national perspective. Oxford University Press.
Dalton, R. J., Farrell, D. M., & McAllister, I. (2011). Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford University Press.
Deseriis, M., & Vittori, D. (2019). The impact of online participation platforms on the internal democracy of two Southern European parties: Podemos and the Five-Star Movement. International Journal of Communication, 13, 5696–5714.
Druckman, J. N., Peterson, E., & Slothuus, R. (2013). How elite partisan polarization affects public opinion formation. American Political Science Review, 57–79.
European Commission. (2021). Unequal Democracies. CORDIS | European Commission.
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Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. (2014). Revolt on the right: Explaining support for the radical right in Britain. Routledge.
Gauja, A. (2013). The Politics of Party Policy: From Members to Legislators. Springer.
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Gauja, A. (2016). Political Parties and Elections: Legislating for Representative Democracy. Routledge.
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Gherghina, S., Soare, S., & Jacquet, V. (2020). Deliberative democracy and political parties: Functions and consequences. European Political Science, 19(2), 200–211.
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Green-Pedersen, C., & Stubager, R. (2010). The Political Conditionality of Mass Media Influence: When Do Parties Follow Mass Media Attention? British Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 663–677.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000037
Helboe Pedersen, H. (2012). What do Parties Want? Policy versus Office. West European Politics, 35(4), 896–910.
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Hooghe, M., & Kölln, A.-K. (2020). Types of party affiliation and the multi-speed party: What kind of party support is functionally equivalent to party membership? Party Politics, 26(4), 355–365.
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Kölln, A.-K. (2016b). Party membership in Europe: Testing party-level explanations of decline. Party Politics, 22(4), 465–477.
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Mair, P. (2005). Democracy beyond parties (05'06; p. 29). Univeristy of California, Irvine.
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Stubager, R. (2018). What is Issue Ownership and How Should We Measure It? Political Behavior, 40(2), 345–370.
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Van Biezen, I., & Rashkova, E. R. (2014). Deterring new party entry? The impact of state regulation on the permeability of party systems. Party Politics, 20(6), 890–903.
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Wuttke, A. (2020). New political parties through the voters’ eyes. West European Politics, 43(1), 22–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1603940

3.1.2 Normative analyses ⏵

European Commission. (2018). CIVICITI - The CItizen Participation Platform. CORDIS | European Commission.
https://doi.org/10.3030/8284399
Muirhead, R., & Rosenblum, N. L. (2020). The Political Theory of Parties and Partisanship: Catching Up | Annual Review of Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 95–110.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-020727

3.1.2.1 Normative analyses generally

Bonotti, M. (2011). Conceptualising Political Parties: A Normative Framework. Politics, 31(1), 19–26.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2010.01398.x
Bonotti, M. (2017). Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies. Oxford University Press.
Bonotti, M. (2019). Justice, Political Obligation and Public Reason: Rethinking Partisanship and Political Liberalism. Res Publica, 25(4), 497–509.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-019-09442-3
Dalton, R. J., Farrell, D. M., & McAllister, I. (2011). Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001
Gherghina, S., Soare, S., & Jacquet, V. (2020). Deliberative democracy and political parties: Functions and consequences. European Political Science, 19(2), 200–211.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-019-00234-0
Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2009). The cartel party thesis: A restatement. Perspectives on Politics, 7(4), 753–766.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40407077
Muirhead, R. (2014). The Promise of Party in a Polarized Age. Harvard University Press.
Rosenblum, N. L. (2008). On the Side of the Angels: An Appreciation of Parties and Partisanship. Princeton University Press.
Schlesinger, J. A. (1975). The Primary Goals of Political Parties: A Clarification of Positive Theory. American Political Science Review, 69(3), 840–849.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1958393
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2010). Rethinking the Modern Prince: Partisanship and the Democratic Ethos. Political Studies, 58(4), 809–828.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00837.x
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2011). On Partisan Political Justification. American Political Science Review, 105(2), 381–396.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000074
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2016). The meaning of partisanship. Oxford University Press.
Whiteley, P. F. (2011). Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world. Party Politics, 17(1), 21–44.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810365505
Wolkenstein, F. (2018). Membership ballots and the value of intra-party democracy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(4), 433–455.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1159400
Wolkenstein, F. (2019). Agents of Popular Sovereignty. Political Theory, 47(3), 338–362.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591718786232

3.1.2.2 Defences ⏵

Corduwener, P. (2018). Institutionalizing the democratic party-state: Political parties as ‘public utilities’ in Italy and West Germany, 1945–75. European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’histoire, 25(1), 101–120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2017.1301394
Dalton, R. J., Farrell, D. M., & McAllister, I. (2011). Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001
Issacharoff, S. (2001). Private Parties with Public Purposes: Political Parties, Associational Freedoms, and Partisan Competition. Columbia Law Review, 101, 274.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1123800
Lipset, S. M. (2000). The indispensability of political parties. Journal of Democracy, 11(1), 48–55.
Rosenblum, N. L. (2008). On the Side of the Angels: An Appreciation of Parties and Partisanship. Princeton University Press.
Van Biezen, I. (2004). Political parties as public utilities. Party Politics, 10(6), 701–722.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068804046914
3.1.2.2.1 Collective self-government
Schlesinger, J. A. (1975). The Primary Goals of Political Parties: A Clarification of Positive Theory. American Political Science Review, 69(3), 840–849.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1958393
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2010). Rethinking the Modern Prince: Partisanship and the Democratic Ethos. Political Studies, 58(4), 809–828.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00837.x
Wolkenstein, F. (2018). Membership ballots and the value of intra-party democracy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(4), 433–455.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1159400
Wolkenstein, F. (2019). Agents of Popular Sovereignty. Political Theory, 47(3), 338–362.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591718786232
3.1.2.2.2 Public justification
Bonotti, M. (2011). Conceptualising Political Parties: A Normative Framework. Politics, 31(1), 19–26.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2010.01398.x
Bonotti, M. (2017). Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies. Oxford University Press.
Bonotti, M. (2019). Justice, Political Obligation and Public Reason: Rethinking Partisanship and Political Liberalism. Res Publica, 25(4), 497–509.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-019-09442-3
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2011). On Partisan Political Justification. American Political Science Review, 105(2), 381–396.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000074
White, J., & Ypi, L. (2016). The meaning of partisanship. Oxford University Press.

3.2 Partisanship ⏵

Arceneaux, K., & Vander Wielen, R. J. (2017). Taming Intuition: How Reflection Minimizes Partisan Reasoning and Promotes Democratic Accountability. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108227643
Carlin, R. E., & Love, G. J. (2018). Political Competition, Partisanship and Interpersonal Trust in Electoral Democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 115.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000526
Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D., Stewart, M., & Whiteley, P. (2009). Travel tips for students of electoral choice: The dynamics of partisanship in Britain and elsewhere. In J. Bartle & P. Bellucci (Eds.), Political Parties and Partisanship: Social identity and individual attitudes. Routledge.
Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. (2014). Revolt on the right: Explaining support for the radical right in Britain. Routledge.
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2019a). How ideology, economics and institutions shape affective polarization in democratic polities (228279066).
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2019b). Toward a comparative research agenda on affective polarization in mass publics. APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, 29, 30–36.
Muirhead, R. (2006). A Defense of Party Spirit. Perspectives on Politics, 4(4).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060452

3.2.1 Normative analyses ⏵

Efthymiou, D. E. (2018). The Normative Value of Partisanship: When and Why Partisanship Matters. Political Studies, 66(1), 192–208.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717707401

3.2.1.1 Normative analyses generally

Bellamy, R., Bonotti, M., Castiglione, D., Lacey, J., Näsström, S., Owen, D., & White, J. (2019). The Democratic Production of Political Cohesion: Partisanship, Institutional Design and Life Form. Contemporary Political Theory, 18(2), 282–310.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-018-00285-w
Biale, E., & Ottonelli, V. (2019). Intra-party Deliberation and Reflexive Control within a Deliberative System. Political Theory, 47(4), 500–526.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591718806829
Bonotti, M. (2017). Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies. Oxford University Press.
Muirhead, R. (2006). A Defense of Party Spirit. Perspectives on Politics, 4(4).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060452
Rosenblum, N. L. (2008). On the Side of the Angels: An Appreciation of Parties and Partisanship. Princeton University Press.
White, J. (2018). The Ethics of Political Alliance. British Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 593–609.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000709
Wolkenstein, F. (2016). A Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy: Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(3), 297–320.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12064
Wolkenstein, F. (2018a). Intra-party democracy beyond aggregation. Party Politics, 24(4), 323–334.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816655563
Wolkenstein, F. (2018b). Membership ballots and the value of intra-party democracy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(4), 433–455.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1159400

3.2.1.2 Defences of pPartisanship

Muirhead, R. (2006). A Defense of Party Spirit. Perspectives on Politics, 4(4).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060452

3.2.1.3 On internal party structure

Biale, E., & Ottonelli, V. (2019). Intra-party Deliberation and Reflexive Control within a Deliberative System. Political Theory, 47(4), 500–526.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591718806829
Wolkenstein, F. (2016). A Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy: Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(3), 297–320.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12064
Wolkenstein, F. (2018a). Intra-party democracy beyond aggregation. Party Politics, 24(4), 323–334.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816655563
Wolkenstein, F. (2018b). Membership ballots and the value of intra-party democracy. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(4), 433–455.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1159400

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