Accessing Resources via Hierarchical Exploration of Topic Areas

MEDIA AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Cagé, J. (2020). The Price of Democracy: How Money Shapes Politics and What to Do about It. Harvard University Press.

Freedom House. (2020). The Pandemic’s Digital Shadow [Annual Report]. Freedom House.
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2020/pandemics-digital-shadow

Germann, M. (2021). Making Votes Count with Internet Voting. Political Behavior, 43, 1511–1533.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09598-2

Lopéz Ortega, A. (2020). Are microtargeted campaign messages more negative and diverse? An analysis of Facebook ads in European election campaigns. European Political Science, 21, 335–358.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00346-6

Petipas, A., Jaquet, J., & Sciarini, P. (2021). Does E-Voting matter for turnout, and to whom? Electoral Studies, 71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102245

1. AI, BIG DATA, BLOCKCHAIN

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236.
https://doi.org/htps://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

Ansolabehere, S., & Hersh, E. (2017). Validation: What Big Data Reveal About Survey Misreporting and the Real Electorate. Political Analysis, 20(4), 437–459.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps023

Assibong, P. A., Wogu, I. A. P., Sholarin, M. A., Misra, S., Damasevičius, R., & Sharma, N. (2020). The Politics of Artificial Intelligence Behaviour and Human Rights Violation Issues in the 2016 US Presidential Elections: An Appraisal. In N. Sharma, A. Chakrabarti, & V. Balas (Eds.), Data Management, Analytics and Innovation (pp. 295–309). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9364-8_22

Barocas, S. (2012). The price of precision: Voter microtargeting and its potential harms to the democratic process. PLEAD ’12: Proceedings of the First Edition Workshop on Politics, Elections and Data, 31–36.
https://doi.org/10.1145/2389661.2389671

Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2017). Politics and Big Data Nowcasting and Forecasting Elections with Social Media. Routledge.

González, R. J. (2017). Hacking the citizenry?: Personality profiling,‘big data’and the election of Donald Trump. Anthropology Today, 33(3), 9–12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12348

Helbing, D., Frey, B. S., Gigerenzer, G., Hafen, E., Hagner, M., Hofstetter, Y., Van Den Hoven, J., Zicari, R. V., & Zwitter, A. (2019). Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? In D. Helbing (Ed.), Towards Digital Enlightenment (pp. 73–98). Springer.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/will-democracy-survive-big-data-and-artificial-intelligence/

Hjálmarsson, F. Þ., Hreiðarsson, G. K., Hamdaqa, M., & Hjálmtýsson, G. (2018). Blockchain-based e-voting system. 983–986.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00151

Huberty, M. (2015). Can we vote with our tweet? On the perennial difficulty of election forecasting with social media. International Journal of Forecasting, 31(3), 992–1007.

Juneja, P. (2025). Artificial Intelligence for Electoral Management. International IDEA.
https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2024.31

Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2018). Big data, big concerns: Ethics in the digital age. Public Integrity, 20(sup1), S46–S59.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1448218

Kreiss, D., & Howard, P. N. (2010). New Challenges to Political Privacy: Lessons from the First U.S. Presidential Race in the Web 2.0 Era. International Journal of Communication, 4, 1032–1050.

Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled e-voting. IEEE Software, 35(4), 95–99.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2801546

Lane, J. I., Stodden, V., Bender, S., & Nissenbaum, H. F. (2014). Privacy, Big Data, and the Public Good: Frameworks for Engagement. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107590205

Lepore, J. (2020). Scientists use big data to sway elections and predict riots—Welcome to the 1960s. Nature, 585, 348–350.
https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02607-8

Lv, Z., Song, H., Basanta-Val, P., Steed, A., & Jo, M. (2017). Next-generation big data analytics: State of the art, challenges, and future research topics. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(4), 1891–1899.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2017.2650204

Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2008). How Media and Politics Shape Each Other in the New Europe. Romanian Journal of Political Sciences, 01, 69–78.

Nickerson, D. W., & Rogers, T. (2014). Political Campaigns and Big Data. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(2), 51–74.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.51

Noizat, P. (2015). Blockchain Electronic Vote. In D. Lee Kuo Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of Digital Currency (pp. 453–461). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802117-0.00022-9

Northcott, R. (2020). Big data and prediction: Four case studies. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 81, 96–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.09.002

Rathi, R. (2019). Effect of Cambridge Analytica’s Facebook ads on the 2016 US Presidential election. Towards Data Science.

Rubinstein, I. S. (2014). Voter Privacy in the Age of Big Data. Wisconsin Law Review, 2014(861), 76.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2447956

Stroud, N. J., & McGregor, S. C. (2018). Digital discussions: How big data informs political communication. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351209434

Vepsäläinen, T., Li, H., & Suomi, R. (2017). Facebook likes and public opinion: Predicting the 2015 Finnish parliamentary elections. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 524–532.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.05.004

Witzleb, N., Paterson, M., & Richardson, J. (Eds.). (2020). Big data, political campaigning and the law: Democracy and privacy in the age of micro-targeting. Routledge.

Zhao, J., Wang, J., Fang, S., & Jin, P. (n.d.). Towards Sustainable Development of Online Communities in the Big Data Era: A Study of the Causes and Possible Consequence of Voting on User Reviews. Sustainability, 10(9), 3156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093156

Zhou, Z., & Makse, H. A. (2019). Artificial intelligence for elections: The case of 2019 Argentina primary and presidential election.
https://ar5iv.labs.arxiv.org/html/1910.11227

Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for the future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3350443

2. DEMOCRATIC INNOVATION ⏵

HEPL blog series: Country Responses to the Covid19 Pandemic. (2020). [Blog]. HEPL Blog Series: Country Responses to the Covid19 Pandemic.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/health-economics-policy-and-law/hepl-blog-series-covid19-pandemic

Jordan, R. E., Adab, P., & Cheng, K. K. (2020). Covid-19: Risk factors for severe disease and death. British Medical Journal.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1198

Lindner, R., Aichholzer, G., & Hennen, L. (Eds.). (2016). Electronic Democracy in Europe. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27419-5

2.1 E-voting

Abu-Shanab, E., Knight, M., & Refai, H. (2010). E-voting systems: A tool for e-democracy. Management Research and Practice, 2(3), 264–275.

Ali, S. T., & Murray, J. (2016). An overview of end-to-end verifiable voting systems. In F. Hao & P. Y. Ryan (Eds.), Real-world electronic voting: Design, analysis and deployment (Vol. 173, pp. 174–219). Auerbach Publications.

Alvarez, M. R., Hall, T. E., & Trechsel, A. H. (2009). Internet Voting in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Estonia. PS: Political Science & Politics, 42(3), 497–505.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096509090787

Alvarez, R. M., & Hall, T. E. (2003). Point, click, and vote: The future of Internet voting. Brookings Institution Press.

Bag, S., Azad, M. A., & Hao, F. (2019). E2E Verifiable Borda Count Voting System without Tallying Authorities. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3339259

Barrelli, R. (2023). Towards Secure Electronic Voting: A Literature Review on E-Voting Systems and Attacks. Politecnico Milano.

Benabdallah, Audras, A., Coudert, L., El Madhoun, N., & Badra, M. (n.d.). Analysis of Blockchain Solutions for E-Voting: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Access, 10, 70746–70759.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187688

Bishop, M., & Wagner, D. (2007). Risks of e-voting. Communications of the ACM, 50(11), 120–120.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1297797.1297827

Bruter, M., Harrison, S., Vives, E., & Gentile, G. (2023). Study on E-Voting practices in the EU (Type C JUST/2021/OP/0002). European Commission - DG for Justice and Consumers.

Buchsbaum, T. M. (2004). E-voting: International developments and lessons learnt. In A. Prosser & R. Krimmer (Eds.), Electronic Voting in Europe—Technology, Law, Politics and Society. Gesellschaft für Informatik.

Celeste, R., Thornburgh, R., & Lin, H. (Eds.). (2005). Asking the Right Quesrions about Electronic Voting. The National Academies Press.

Chiang, L. (2009). Trust and security in the e-voting system. Electronic Government, 6(4), 343–360.
https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2009.027782

Coleman, S., & Freelon, D. (2015). Handbook of digital politics. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377585

CORDIS. (2019b). Why the answer to how to strengthen public trust in elections is… SEEV | Results In Brief | CORDIS | European Commission.
https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/286133-why-the-answer-to-how-to-strengthen-public-trust-in-elections-is-seev

CORDIS - European Commission. (2017). Self-Enforcing E-Voting System: Trustworthy Election in Presence of Corrupt Authorities.
https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/306994

Council of Ministers. (2017). Recommendation CM/Rec(2017)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on standards for e-voting (Recommendations). Council of Europe.
https://rm.coe.int/0900001680726f6f

Dandoy, R. (2021). An Analysis of Electronic Voting in Belgium: Do voters behave differently when facing a machine? In D. Caluwaerts & M. Reuchamps (Eds.), Belgian Exceptionalism: Belgian Politics between Realism and Surrealism. Routledge.

Darmawan, I. (n.d.). E-voting adoption in many countries: A literature review. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(4).
https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211040584

Desai, Z., & Lee, A. (2021). Technology and protest: The political effects of electronic voting in India. Political Science Research and Methods, 9(2), 398–413.
https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.51

France drops electronic voting for citizens abroad over cybersecurity fears. (2017, March 6). Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-cyber-idUSKBN16D233/

Gerlach, J., & Gasser, U. (2009). Three case studies from switzerland: E-voting (Berkman Center Research Publications, p. 2009). University of St. Gallen.

Germann, M., & Serdült, U. (2017). Internet voting and turnout: Evidence from Switzerland. Electoral Studies, 47, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.03.001

Goodman, N., & Pyman, H. (2016). Understanding the effects of internet voting on elections: Results from the 2014 Ontario municipal elections [Technical Paper]. Centre for e-Democracy.

Goodman, N., & Stokes, L. C. (2020). Reducing the Cost of Voting: An Evaluation of Internet Voting’s Effect on Turnout. British Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 1155–1167.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000849

Gritzalis, D. A. (2002). Principles and requirements for a secure e-voting system. Computers & Security, 21(6), 539–556.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4048(02)01014-3

Hall, T. E. (2012). Electronic Voting. In N. Kersting (Ed.), Electronic Democracy (pp. 153–176). Verlag Barbara Budrich.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvddzwcg.10

Hao, F. (2013). Verifiable Classroom Voting: Where Cryptography Meets Pedagogy (Transcript of Discussion). In B. Christianson, J. Malcolm, F. Stajano, J. Anderson, & J. Bonneau (Eds.), Security Protocols XXI (Vol. 8263, pp. 255–264). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41717-7_29

Hao, F., & Ryan, P. Y. (2016). Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment. CRC Press.

Hao, F., Wang, S., Bag, S., Procter, R., Shahandashti, S. F., Mehrnezhad, M., Toreini, E., Metere, R., & Liu, L. (2020). End-to-End Verifiable E-Voting Trial for Polling Station Voting at Gateshead. IEEE Security & Privacy, 18(6).
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSEC.2020.3002728

Henry, S. (2003). Can remote Internet voting increase turnout? Aslib Proceedings, 55(4), 193–202.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530310486557

Hilbert, M. (2009). The maturing concept of e-democracy: From e-voting and online consultations to democratic value out of jumbled online chatter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(2), 87–110.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680802715242

Hjálmarsson, F. Þ., Hreiðarsson, G. K., Hamdaqa, M., & Hjálmtýsson, G. (2018). Blockchain-based e-voting system. 983–986.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00151

Ibrahim, S., Kamat, M., Salleh, M., & Aziz, S. R. A. (2003). Secure E-voting with blind signature. NCTT 2003 Proceedings, 193–197.
https://doi.org/10.1109/NCTT.2003.1188334

Introducing Electronic Voting: Essential Considerations. (2011). [Policy Paper]. International IDEA.

Kiayias, A., & Yung, M. (2004). The vector-ballot e-voting approach. In A. Juels (Ed.), Financial Cryptography (Vol. 3110, pp. 72–89). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27809-2_9

Krimmer, R. (2006). Electronic voting 2006: 2nd International Workshop: Vol. P-86. GI-Edition.

Krimmer, R., Volkamer, M., Duenas-Cid, D., Rønne, P., & Germann, M. (2022). Electronic Voting—7th International Joint Conference: Vol. LNCS 13533. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15911-4

Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled e-voting. IEEE Software, 35(4), 95–99.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2801546

Kumar, S., & Walia, E. (2011). Analysis of electronic voting system in various countries. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 3(5), 1825–1830.

Kusters, R., Truderung, T., & Vogt, A. (2012). Clash attacks on the verifiability of e-voting systems. 395–409.
https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2012.32

Lauer, T. W. (2004). The Risk of e-voting. Electronic Journal of E-Government, 2(3), 177–186.

Maaten, E. (2004). Towards remote e-voting: Estonian case. In Electronic voting in Europe—Technology, law, politics and society (Vol. P047, pp. 83–90). GI-Edition.

Madise, Ü., & Martens, T. (2006). E-voting in Estonia 2005. The first practice of country-wide binding Internet voting in the world. 15–26.

Malkhi, D., Margo, O., Pavlov, E., & Blaze, M. (2002). E-voting without ‘cryptography’. In Financial Cryptography (pp. 1–15). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36504-4_1

Mitrou, L., Gritzalis, D., & Katsikas, S. (2002). Revisiting legal and regulatory requirements for secure e-voting. In Security in the Information Society (pp. 469–480). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35586-3_37

Moynihan, D. P. (2004). Building secure elections: E‐voting, security, and systems theory. Public Administration Review, 64(5), 515–528.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00400.x

Mursi, M., Ghazy, A., Abdelhafez, A., & Abo Samra, K. (2013). On the Development of Electronic Voting: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications, 61(16).
https://doi.org/10.5120/10009-4872

Norris, P. (2004). Will new technology boost turnout? Evaluating experiments in UK local elections. In N. Kersting & H. Baldersheim (Eds.), Electronic Voting and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis (pp. 193–225). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523531_12

Pammett, J. H., & Goodman, N. (2013). Consultation and evaluation practices in the implementation of Internet voting in Canada and Europe. Elections Canada.

Rhein, P., Solvak, M., Willemson, J., & Vinkel, P. (2022). Internet voting in Estonia 2005–2019: Evidence from eleven elections. Government Information Quarterly, 39(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101718

Schaupp, L. C., & Carter, L. (2005). E‐voting: From apathy to adoption. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(5), 586–601.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390510624025

Schneider, A., Meter, C., & Hagemeister, P. (2017). Survey on Remote Electronic Voting.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1702.02798

Segaard, S. B., Baldersheim, H., & Saglie, J. (2013). The Norwegian trial with Internet voting: Results and challenges. Revista General de Derecho Público Comparado, 13, 7.

Serdült, U., Germann, M., Harris, M., Mendez, F., & Portenier, A. (2015). Who are the internet voters. Innovation and the Public Sector, 27, 27–41.
https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-570-8-27

Serdult, U., Germann, M., Mendez, F., Portenier, A., & Wellig, C. (2015). Fifteen years of internet voting in Switzerland [History, Governance and Use]. 126–132.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEDEG.2015.7114482

Shahandashti, S. F., & Hao, F. (2016). DRE-ip: A Verifiable E-Voting Scheme Without Tallying Authorities. In I. Askoxylakis, S. Ioannidis, S. Katsikas, & C. Meadows (Eds.), Computer Security – ESORICS 2016 (Vol. 9879, pp. 223–240). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45741-3_12

Smith, E., & Macintosh, A. (2003). E-voting: Powerful symbol of E-democracy. In R. Traunmüller (Ed.), Electronic Government—EGOV 2003 (pp. 240–245). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/10929179_43

Smith, G. (2009). Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609848

Solop, F. I. (2004). Digital Democracy Comes of Age: Internet Voting and the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary Election. In N. Kersting & H. Baldersheim (Eds.), Electronic Voting and Democracy (pp. 242–254). Palgrave MacMIllan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523531_14

Spada, P., Mellon, J., Peixoto, T., & Sjoberg, F. M. (2015). Effects of the internet on participation: Study of a public policy referendum in Brazil. The World Bank.
https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7204

Svensson, J., & Leenes, R. (2003). E-voting in Europe: Divergent democratic practice. Information Polity, 8(1, 2), 3–15.

Switzerland’s first municipal blockchain vote hailed a success. (2018, July 2). Swissinfo.Ch.
https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/crypto-valley-_-switzerland-s-first-municipal-blockchain-vote-hailed-a-success/44230928

Trechsel, A. H. (2007). E-voting and Electoral Participation. In C. H. de Vreese (Ed.), The Dynamics of Referendum Campaigns. Palgrave MacMIllan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591189_8

Trechsel, A. H., Vassil, K., & Schwerdt, G. (2010). Internet voting in Estonia. A comparative analysis of four elections since 2005 (GGIS(2010)15). Council of Europe.
https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/goodgovernance/Activities/E-voting/CoE_Studies/GGIS(2010)15_Internet_voting%20_in%20_Estonia%202005-2009%20E.asp

Trechsel, A., Kucherenko, V., Silva, F., & Gasser, U. (2016). Potential and challenges of e-voting in the European Union (P# 556.948).

Volkamer, M., Duenas-Cid, D., Rønne, P., Ryan, P. Y., Budurushi, J., Kulyk, O., Rodriguez Pérez, A., & Spycher-Krivonosova, I. (Eds.). (2023). Electronic Voting—8th International Joint Conference.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43756-4

Wigginton, M. J., & Stockemer, D. (2021). Does the Introduction of Online Voting Create Diversity in Representation? Political Studies Review, 21(1), 172–182.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211064450

2.2 Participatory budgeting

Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. (2014). Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation Mattered. Politics & Society, 42(1), 29–50.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213512978

Cabannes, Y. (2004). Participatory budgeting: A significant contribution to participatory democracy. Environment and Urbanization, 16(1), 27–46.
https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600104

Coleman, S., & Cardoso Sampaio, R. (2017). Sustaining a democratic innovation: A study of three e-participatory budgets in Belo Horizonte. Information, Communication & Society, 20(5), 754–769.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1203971

de Sousa Santos, B. (1998). Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a redistributive democracy. Politics & Society, 26(4), 461–510.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329298026004003

Gilman, H. R. (2016). Democracy reinvented: Participatory budgeting and civic innovation in America. Brookings Institution Press.

Godwin, M. L. (2018). Studying Participatory Budgeting: Democratic Innovation or Budgeting Tool? State and Local Government Review, 50(2), 132–144.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X18784333

Lerner, J. (2014). Everyone Counts: Could" Participatory Budgeting" Change Democracy? Cornell University Press.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801456060

Lerner, J., & Schugurensky, D. (2007). Who learns what in participatory democracy?: Participatory budgeting in Rosario, Argentina. In Democratic practices as learning opportunities (pp. 85–100). Brill Sense.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087903398_009

Michels, A. (2011). Innovations in democratic governance: How does citizen participation contribute to a better democracy? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 77(2), 275–293.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311399851

Novy, A., & Leubolt, B. (2005). Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Social Innovation and the Dialectical Relationship of State and Civil Society. Urban Studies, 42(11), 2023–2036.
https://doi.org/Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Social Innovation and the Dialectical Relationship of State and Civil Society

Röcke, A. (2009). Democratic innovation through ideas?: Participatory budgeting and frames of citizen participation in France, Germany and Great Britain [PhD, European University Institute].
https://doi.org/0.2870/3805

Röcke, A. (2014). Framing Citizen Participation: Participatory Budgeting in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137326669

Sintomer, Y., Herzberg, C., & Röcke, A. (2008). Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Potentials and Challenges. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(1), 164–178.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00777.x

Sintomer, Y., Herzberg, C., Röcke, A., & Allegretti, G. (2012). Transnational models of citizen participation: The case of participatory budgeting. Journal of Public Deliberation, 8(2).
https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.141

Souza, C. (2001). Participatory budgeting in Brazilian cities: Limits and possibilities in building democratic institutions. Environment and Urbanization, 13(1), 159–184.
https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780101300112

2.3 Theories of democratic innovation

Åström, J., Jonsson, M. E., & Karlsson, M. (2017). Democratic innovations: Reinforcing or changing perceptions of trust? International Journal of Public Administration, 40(7), 575–587.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1162801

Björgvinsson, E., Ehn, P., & Hillgren, P.-A. (2010). Participatory design and" democratizing innovation". 41–50.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1900441.1900448

Bua, A. (2012). Agenda setting and democratic innovation: The case of the Sustainable Communities Act (2007). Politics, 32(1), 10–20.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2011.01420.x

Carolan, N., & Cruickshank, L. (2011). Understanding design interventions in democratic innovation: A toolkit approach. Design Research Journal, 2(10), 33–38.

Della Porta, D. (2020). How social movements can save democracy: Democratic innovations from below. John Wiley & Sons.

Elstub, S., & Escobar, O. (2017). A typology of democratic innovations. Political Studies Association’s Annual Conference, Glasgow.

Elstub, S., & Escobar, O. (2019a). Defining and typologising democratic innovations. In S. Elstub & O. Escobar (Eds.), Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433862.00009

Elstub, S., & Escobar, O. (2019b). Handbook of democratic innovation and governance. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433862

Geissel, B. (2012). Impacts of democratic innovations in Europe: Findings and desiderata. In K. Newton & B. Geissel (Eds.), Evaluating democratic innovations: Curing the democratic malaise (pp. 163–183). Routledge.

Geissel, B., Elstub, S., & Escobar, O. (2019). Democratic innovations in Europe. In Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433862.00039

Genus, A. (2006). Rethinking constructive technology assessment as democratic, reflective, discourse. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(1), 13–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.06.009

Goñi, I. (2019). Socio-epistemological challenges of democratic innovation:" The ethics of invention" by Sheila Jasanoff. Cogency - Journal of Reasoning and Argumentation, 11(1–2).

Jäske, M., & Setälä, M. (2020). A Functionalist Approach to Democratic Innovations. Representation, 56(4), 467–483.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1691639

Newton, K. (2012). Curing the democratic malaise with democratic innovations. In K. Newton & B. Geissel (Eds.), Evaluating democratic innovations: Curing the democratic malaise (pp. 3–20). Routledge.

Newton, K., & Geissel, B. (2012). Evaluating democratic innovations: Curing the democratic malaise? Routledge.

Smith, G. (2009a). Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609848

Smith, G. (2009b). Revitalising politics through democratic innovation? Representation, 45(3), 259–264.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890903129475

Spada, P., & Ryan, M. (2017). The failure to examine failures in democratic innovations. PS: Political Science & Politics, 50(3), 772–778.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517000579

Talpin, J. (2014). Democratic innovations. In D. della Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements (pp. 781–792). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.013.53

Talpin, J. (2019). Qualitative approaches to democratic innovations. In S. Elstub & O. Escobar (Eds.), Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance (pp. 486–500). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Wright, S. (2012). Assessing (e-)Democratic Innovations: “Democratic Goods” and Downing Street E-Petitions. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 9(4), 453–470.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.712820

2.4 Voting Advice Applications

Aarts, K., & Van der Kolk, H. (2007). The parliamentary election in the Netherlands, 22 November 2006. Electoral Studies, 26(4), 832–837.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.02.002

Agathokleous, M., & Tsapatsoulis, N. (2016). Applying Hidden Markov Models to Voting Advice Applications. EPJ Data Science, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0095-z

Albertsen, A. (2020). How do the Characteristics of Voting Advice Application Users Change Over Time? Evidence from the German Election Studies. German Politics, 31(3), 399–419.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2020.1830374

Anderson, J., & Fossen, T. (2014). Voting Advice Applications and Political Theory: Citizenship, Participation and Representation. In G. Diego & M. Stefan (Eds.), Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates: Voting Advice Applications in a Comparative Perspective (pp. 217–226). ECPR Press.

Andreadis, I. (2015). Comparison of response times between desktop and smartphone users. In D. Toninelli, R. Pinter, & P. de Pedraza (Eds.), Mobile Research Methods (pp. 63–79). Ubiquity Press.

Andreadis, I., & Chadjipadelis, T. (2011). Voting advice applications and their impact on elections. 19–21.

Andreadis, I., & Wall, M. (2014). The impact of voting advice applications on vote choice. In D. Garzia & S. Marschall (Eds.), Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates. Voting Advice Applications in Comparative Perspective (pp. 115–128). ECPR Press.

Baka, A., Figgou, L., & Triga, V. (2012). ‘Neither agree, nor disagree’: A critical analysis of the middle answer category in Voting Advice Applications. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 244–263.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051306

Boogers, M., & Voerman, G. (2003). Surfing citizens and floating voters: Results of an online survey of visitors to political web sites during the Dutch 2002 General Elections. Information Polity, 8(1, 2), 17–27.
https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2003-0024

Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. (2019). 2002 – 2019: Die Geschichte des Wahl-O-Mat. bpb.de.
Http://www.bpb.de/politik/wahlen/wahl-o-mat/294712/die-geschichte-des-wahl-o-mat

Burean, T., & Popp, R. (2015). The ideological Mapping of political parties in Romania. Romanian Journal of Society & Politics, 10(1), 118–136.

Çarkoğlu, A., Vitiello, T., & Moral, M. (2012). Voter advice applications in practice: Answers to some key questions from Turkey. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 298–317.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051307

Carlson, T., & Strandberg, K. (2005). The 2004 European parliament election on the web: Finnish actor strategies and voter responses. Information Polity, 10(3, 4), 189–204.
https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2005-0075

Cedroni, L. (2010). Voting Advice Applications in Europe: A Comparison. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting advice applications in Europe. The state of the art (pp. 248–260). ScriptaWeb.

Cedroni, L., & Garzia, D. (Eds.). (2010). Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The state of the art. ScriptaWeb.

Chadjipantelis, T., Serdült, U., & Triga, V. (2012). Special Issue on Voting Advice Applications and State of the Art: Theory, Practice, and Comparative Insights. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3/4).

Costa Lobo, M., Vink, M. P., & Lisi, M. (2010). Mapping the political landscape: A vote advice application in Portugal. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 139–166). ScriptaWeb.

De Graaf, J. (2010). The irresistible rise of Stemwijzer. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 35–46). ScriptaWeb.

De Rosa, R. (2010). cabina-elettorale. It (Provides advice to Italian voters since 2009). In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 187–198). ScriptaWeb.

Dinas, E., Trechsel, A. H., & Vassil, K. (2014). A look into the mirror: Preferences, representation and electoral participation. Electoral Studies, 36, 290–297.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.011

Djouvas, C., Mendez, F., & Tsapatsoulis, N. (2016). Mining online political opinion surveys for suspect entries: An interdisciplinary comparison. Journal of Innovation in Digital Ecosystems, 3(2), 172–182.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jides.2016.11.003

Dumont, P., & Kies, R. (2012). Smartvote. Lu: Usage and impact of the first VAA in Luxembourg. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 388–410.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051302

Dziewulska, A. (2010). The user of voting advice application in Poland—Glosuje.com.pl. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting advice applications in Europe. The State of the Art (pp. 217–245). ScriptaWeb.

Enyedi, Z. (2016). The Influence of Voting Advice Applications on Preferences, Loyalties and Turnout: An Experimental Study. Political Studies, 64(4), 1000–1015.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12213

Fivaz, J., & Nadig, G. (2010). Impact of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) on Voter Turnout and Their Potential Use for Civic Education. Policy & Internet, 2(4), 162–195.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1025

Fossen, T., & Anderson, J. (2014). What’s the point of voting advice applications? Competing perspectives on democracy and citizenship. Electoral Studies, 36, 244–251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.001

Fossen, T., & van den Brink, B. (2015). Electoral Dioramas: On the Problem of Representation in Voting Advice Applications. Representation, 51(3), 341–358.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2015.1090473

Garzia, D. (2010). The effects of VAAs on users’ voting behaviour: An overview. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 13–33). ScriptaWeb.

Garzia, D., De Angelis, A., & Pianzola, J. (2014). The impact of voting advice applications on electoral participation. Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates, 105–114.

Garzia, D., & Marschall, S. (2012). Voting Advice Applications under review: The state of research. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 203–222.

Garzia, D., & Marschall, S. (Eds.). (2014). Matching voters with parties and candidates: Voting advice applications in comparative perspective. ECPR Press.
https://hdl.handle.net/1814/34156

Garzia, D., & Marschall, S. (2016). Research on Voting Advice Applications: State of the Art and Future Directions. Policy & Internet, 8(4), 376–390.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.140

Garzia, D., Trechsel, A., & De Sio, L. (2015). Party placement in supranational elections: An introduction to the euandi 2014 dataset. Party Politics, 23(4), 333–341.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815593456

Garzia, D., Trechsel, A. H., Vassil, K., & Dinas, E. (2014). Indirect Campaigning: Past, Present and Future of Voting Advice Applications. In B. Grofman, A. H. Trechsel, & M. Franklin (Eds.), The Internet and Democracy in Global Perspective: Voters, Candidates, Parties, and Social Movements (pp. 25–41). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04352-4_3

Gemenis, K. (2013). Estimating parties’ policy positions through voting advice applications: Some methodological considerations. Acta Politica, 48(3), 268–295.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2012.36

Gemenis, K., & Rosema, M. (2014). Voting advice applications and electoral turnout. Electoral Studies, 36, 281–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.06.010

Germann, M., Mendez, F., Wheatley, J., & Serdült, U. (2015). Spatial maps in voting advice applications: The case for dynamic scale validation. Acta Politica, 50(2), 214–238.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2014.3

Gilmore, J., & Howard, P. N. (2014). Digital Media and the 2010 National Elections in Brazil. In B. Grofman, A. H. Trechsel, & M. Franklin (Eds.), The Internet and Democracy in Global Perspective: Voters, Candidates, Parties, and Social Movements (pp. 43–55). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04352-4_4

Gröf, H., & Rimmek, A. (2003). Wahl-O-Mat. Eine digitale Orientierungshilfe für Wählerinnen und Wähler. Gesellschaft. Wirtschaft. Politik, 52(3), 21–22.

Hanel, K., & Schultze, M. (2014). Analyzing the Political Communication Patterns of Voting Advice Application Users. International Journal of Internet Science, 9(1).

Hirzalla, F., & van Zoonen, L. (2015). Online voting advice applications: Foci, findings and future of an emerging research field. In S. Coleman & D. Freelon (Eds.), Handbook of Digital Politics (pp. 87–102). Elgar.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548768.00014

Hirzalla, F., Van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J. (2010). Internet use and political participation: Reflections on the mobilization/normalization controversy. The Information Society, 27(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2011.534360

Holleman, B., Kamoen, N., Krouwel, A., van de Pol, J., & de Vreese, C. (2016). Positive vs. Negative: The Impact of Question Polarity in Voting Advice Applications. PloS One, 11(10).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164184

Hooghe, M., & Teepe, W. (2007). Party profiles on the web: An analysis of the logfiles of non-partisan interactive political internet sites in the 2003 and 2004 election campaigns in Belgium. New Media & Society, 9(6), 965–985.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807082726

Ilmarinen, V.-J., Isotalo, V., Lönnqvist, J.-E., & von Schoultz, Å. (2022). Do politicians’ answers to voting advice applications reflect their sincere beliefs? Comparing publicly and confidentially stated ideological positions in a candidate-centred electoral context. Electoral Studies, 79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102504

Ivask, P. (2017). The effect of voting advice applications on Estonian voters’ voting behaviour [MA]. University of Tartu.

Johnston, R. (2017). Vote Compass in British Columbia: Insights from and about published polls. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 27(1), 97–109.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1269112

Kamoen, N., Holleman, B., Krouwel, A., Van de Pol, J., & de Vreese, C. (2015). The Effect of Voting Advice Applications on Political Knowledge and Vote Choice. Irish Political Studies, 30(4), 595–618.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2015.1099096

Kaskina, A., & Radovanovic, N. (2016). How to Build Trust-Aware Voting Advice Applications? In A. Kő & E. Francesconi (Eds.), Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective: 5th International Conference, EGOVIS 2016 (pp. 48–61). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44159-7_4

Klein, M. (2006). Jenseits von Distanz und Richtung. Die Verbundmessung von Politikpräferenzen im Vergleich mit dem Distanz-und dem Richtungsmodell des Wählens—Empirische Befunde eines Methodenexperiments. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 47(4), 595–617.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-006-0343-0

Krouwel, A., & van Elfrinkhof, A. (2014). Combining strengths of methods of party positioning to counter their weaknesses: The development of a new methodology to calibrate parties on issues and ideological dimensions. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1455–1472.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9846-0

Krouwel, A., Vitiello, T., & Wall, M. (2012). The practicalities of issuing vote advice: A new methodology for profiling and matching. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 223–243.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051308

Laaksonen, S.-M., Nelimarkka, M., & Haapoja, J. (2016). Telling citizens how to vote: Voting advice applications as a boundary object for political influence and discussion. 20.

Ladner, A. (2016). Do VAAs Encourage Issue Voting and Promissory Representation? Evidence From the Swiss Smartvote. Policy & Internet, 8(4), 412–430.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.137

Ladner, A., Felder, G., & Fivaz, J. (2010). More than toys? A first assessment of voting advice applications in Switzerland. Voting Advice Applications in Europe. The State of the Art, 91–123.

Ladner, A., & Fivaz, J. (2012). Voting Advice Application. In N. Kersting (Ed.), Electronic Democracy (pp. 177–198). Verlag Barbara Budrich.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvddzwcg.11

Ladner, A., Fivaz, J., & Nadig, G. (2009). Voting assistance applications as tools to increase political participation and improve civic education. Murray Print and Henry Milner (Eds.), Civic Education and Youth Political Participation. Rotterdam, Boston, Taipei: Sense Publishers, 43–60.

Ladner, A., Fivaz, J., & Pianzola, J. (2012). Voting advice applications and party choice: Evidence from smartvote users in Switzerland. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 367–387.

Ladner, A., & Pianzola, J. (2010). Do voting advice applications have an effect on electoral participation and voter turnout? Evidence from the 2007 Swiss Federal Elections. Electronic Participation, 6229, 211–224.

Lees-Marshment, J., Dufresne, Y., Eady, G., Osborne, D., van der Linden, C., & Vowles, J. (2015). Vote Compass in the 2014 New Zealand election: Hearing the voice of New Zealand voters. Political Science, 67(2), 94–124.

Lefevere, J., & Walgrave, S. (2014). A perfect match? The impact of statement selection on Voting Advice Applications’ ability to match voters and parties. Electoral Studies, 36, 252–262.

Liao, D., Chen, B., Jensen, M. J., & Pritchard, C. W. (2016). Political Behavior and Technology: Voting Advice Applications in East Asia. Springer.

Mahéo, V. (2016). The Impact of Voting Advice Applications on Electoral Preferences: A Field Experiment in the 2014 Quebec Election. Policy & Internet, 8(4), 391–411.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.138

Mahéo, V.-A. (2017). Information Campaigns and (Under)Privileged Citizens: An Experiment on the Differential Effects of a Voting Advice Application. Political Communication, 34(4), 511–529.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1282560

Marschall, S. (2008). The online making of citizens: Wahl-O-Mat. In V. Georgi (Ed.), The Making of Citizens in Europe: New Perspectives on Citizenship Education (pp. 137–141). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.

Marschall, S. (2014). Profiling users. In Matching voters with parties and candidates: Voting advice applications in a comparative perspective (pp. 93–104). ECPR Press.

Marschall, S., & Schmidt, C. K. (2008). Preaching to the converted or making a difference? Mobilizing effects of an internet application at the German general election 2005 (D. M. Farrell & R. Schmitt-Beck, Eds.; pp. 259–278). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.

Marschall, S., & Schmidt, C. K. (2010). The impact of voting indicators: The case of the German Wahl-O-Mat. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe. The State of the Art (pp. 61–86). ScriptaWeb.

Marzuca, A., Serdült, U., Welp, Y., Tambouris, E., Macintosh, A., & de Bruijn, H. (2011). Questão Pública: First voting advice application in Latin America. In Electronic Participation (Vol. 6847, pp. 216–227). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3_19

Mayer, C., & Wassermair, M. (2010). wahlkabine.at: Promoting an Enlightened Understanding of Politics. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 173–186). ScriptaWeb.

Mendez, F. (2012). Matching voters with political parties and candidates: An empirical test of four algorithms. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 264–278.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051316

Mendez, F., Gemenis, K., & Djouvas, C. (2014). Methodological challenges in the analysis of voting advice application generated data. Proceedings of the 2014 9th International Workshop on Semantic and Social Media Adaptation and Personalization, 142–148.
https://doi.org/10.1109/SMAP.2014.32

Min, S.-J. (2010). From the Digital Divide to the Democratic Divide: Internet Skills, Political Interest, and the Second-Level Digital Divide in Political Internet Use. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(1), 22–35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680903109402

Munzert, S., & Ramirez-Ruiz, S. (2021). Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Voting Advice Applications. Political Communication, 38(6), 691–706.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1843572

Nuytemans, M., Walgrave, S., & Deschouwer, K. (2010). Do the vote test: The Belgian voting aid application. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe: The State of the Art (pp. 125–142). ScriptaWeb.

Otjes, S., & Louwerse, T. (2014). Spatial models in voting advice applications. Electoral Studies, 36, 263–271.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.004

Pautz, H. (2010). The Internet, Political Participation and Election Turnout: A Case Study of Germany’s www. Abgeordnetenwatch. De. In E. Langenbacher (Ed.), Between Left and Right: The 2009 Bundestag Elections and the Transformation of the German Party System (Vol. 28, pp. 173–191). Berghahn Books.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780857455482-010

Pianzola, J. (2014a). Selection biases in Voting Advice Application research. Electoral Studies, 36, 272–280.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.012

Pianzola, J. (2014b). Swing Voting due to Smartvote Use? Evidence from the 2011 Swiss Federal Elections. Swiss Political Science Review, 20(4), 651–677.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12120

Popp, R., Horvath, L., Banducci, S., Coan, T., & Krouwel, A. (2016, September). What voting advice applications can teach us about voters and elections. ECPR General Conference, Prague.

Ramonaitė, A. (2010). Voting Advice Applications in Lithuania: Promoting Programmatic Competition or Breeding Populism? Policy & Internet, 2(1), 112–142.
https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1027

Römmele, A., & von Schneidmesser, D. (2016). Election campaigning enters a fourth phase: The mediatized campaign. Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft, 26(4), 425–442.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41358-016-0070-z

Rosema, M., Anderson, J., & Walgrave, S. (2014). The design, purpose, and effects of voting advice applications. Electoral Studies, 36, 240–243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.04.003

Rosema, M., & Louwerse, T. (2016). Response Scales in Voting Advice Applications: Do Different Designs Produce Different Outcomes? Policy & Internet, 8(4), 431–456.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.139

Rütsche, B. (2008a). Elektronische Wahlhilfen in der Demokratie. Beurteilung Im Lichte Der Wahl-Und Abstimmungsfreiheit, Spannungsverhältnis Zu Den Politischen Parteien, Fragen Staatlicher Regulierung, Helbing Lichtenhahn, Basel.

Rütsche, B. (2008b). Elektronische Wahlhilfen in der Demokratie: Beurteilung im Lichte der Wahl-und Abstimmungsfreiheit, Spannungsverhältnis zu den politischen Parteien, Fragen staatlicher Regulierung. Helbing Lichtenhahn.

Ruusuvirta, O. (2010). Much ado about nothing? Online voting advice applications in Finland. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe. The State of the Art (pp. 47–77). ScriptaWeb.

Schultze, M. (2012). Effekte des Wahl-O-Mat auf politisches Wissen über Parteipositionen. ZPol Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 22(3), 367–391.
https://doi.org/10.5771/1430-6387-2012-3-367

Schultze, M. (2014). Effects of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) on Political Knowledge About Party Positions: Effects of VAAs on Political Knowledge About Party Positions. Policy & Internet, 6(1), 46–68.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI352

Schwarz, D., Schädel, L., & Ladner, A. (2010). Pre-Election Positions and Voting Behaviour in Parliament: Consistency among Swiss MPs. Swiss Political Science Review, 16(3), 533–564.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2010.tb00440.x

Skop, M. (2010). Are the voting advice applications (VAAs) telling the truth? Measuring VAAs quality: Case study from the Czech Republic. In L. Cedroni & D. Garzia (Eds.), Voting Advice Applications in Europe. The State of the Art. ScriptaWeb, Napoli (pp. 199–230). ScriptaWeb.

Talonen, J., & Sulkava, M. (2011). Analyzing parliamentary elections based on voting advice application data. In J. Gama, E. Bradley, & J. Hollmén (Eds.), Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis X (Vol. 7014, pp. 340–351). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24800-9_32

Terán, L. (2020). Dynamic Profiles for Voting Advice Applications: An Implementation for the 2017 Ecuador National Elections. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24090-5

Terán, L., Kakenova, U., & Portmann, E. (2017). Analyzing and Integrating Dynamic Profiles on Voting Advice Applications. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 62–69.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3047273.3047385

Terán, L., & Mancera, J. (2017). Applying Dynamic Profiles on Voting Advice Applications. In E. Portmann (Ed.), Wirtschaftsinformatik in Theorie und Praxis (pp. 153–175). Springer.
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https://en.rigsarkivet.dk/explore/the-danish-national-election-study/

Tomšič, M., & Kleindienst, P. (2015). Innovative Mechanisms for Strengthening Political Engagement of the Citizenry. Mathematical and Computational Methods in Applied Sciences : Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied, Numerical and Computational Mathematics.

Trechsel, A. H. (2007). Inclusiveness of Old and New Forms of Citizens’ Electoral Participation. Representation, 43(2), 111–121.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890701363326

Trechsel, A. H., & Mair, P. (2011). When Parties (Also) Position Themselves: An Introduction to the EU Profiler. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 8(1), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2011.533533

Van Camp, K., Lefevere, J., & Walgrave, S. (2014). The content and formulation of statements in voting advice applications: A comparative analysis of 26 VAAs. In D. Garzia & S. Marschall (Eds.), Matching voters with parties and candidates: Voting advice applications in comparative perspective (pp. 11–31). ECPR Press.

van de Pol, J. (2016). Voting wiser: The effect of Voting Advice Applications on political understanding [PhD]. University of Amsterdam.

Van de Pol, J., Holleman, B., Kamoen, N., Krouwel, A., & De Vreese, C. (2014). Beyond Young, Highly Educated Males: A Typology of VAA Users. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(4), 397–411.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.958794

van der Linden, C., & Dufresne, Y. (2017). The curse of dimensionality in Voting Advice Applications: Reliability and validity in algorithm design. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 27(1), 9–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1268144

van der Linden, C., & Vowles, J. (2017). (De)coding elections: The implications of Voting Advice Applications. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 27(1), 2–8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1269773

Vassil, K. (2012). Voting Smarter?: The Impact of Voting Advice Applications on Political Behavior [PhD, European University Institute].
https://hdl.handle.net/1814/21380

Wagner, M., & Ruusuvirta, O. (2012). Matching voters to parties: Voting advice applications and models of party choice. Acta Politica, 47(4), 400–422.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2011.29

Wagschal, U., & König, P. (2014). Alle gleich? Analyse der programmatischen Parteienunterschiede bei Bundestagswahlen auf der Basis des Wahl-O-Mats. ZParl Zeitschrift Für Parlamentsfragen, 45(4), 865–884.
https://doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2014-4-865

Wagschal, U., & König, P. (2015). Die Links-Rechts-Positionierung der Parteien bei den Bundestagswahlen 2005 bis 2013: Eine empirische Analyse anhand des Wahl-O-Mat. In Die Bundestagswahl 2013 (pp. 185–210). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02915-9_9

Walgrave, S., Nuytemans, M., & Pepermans, K. (2009). Voting Aid Applications and the Effect of Statement Selection. West European Politics, 32(6), 1161–1180.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380903230637

Walgrave, S., Van Aelst, P., & Nuytemans, M. (2008a). ‘Do the vote test’: The electoral effects of a popular vote advice application at the 2004 Belgian elections. Acta Politica, 43(1), 50–70.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500209

Walgrave, S., Van Aelst, P., & Nuytemans, M. (2008b). Vote Advice Applications as New Campaign Players? The Electoral Effects of the “Do the Vote Test” during the 2004 Regional Elections in Belgium. In Non-Party Actors in Electoral Politics (pp. 237–258). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5771/9783845206639-237

Wall, M., Sudulich, M. L., Costello, R., & Leon, E. (2009). Picking your party online–An investigation of Ireland’s first online voting advice application. Information Polity, 14(3), 203–218.
https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2009-0179

Westle, B., Begemann, C., & Rütter, A. (2015). The “Wahl-O-Mat” in the course of the German Federal Election 2013–Effects of a German VAA on users’ election-relevant political knowledge. ZPol Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft, 24(4), 389–426.
https://doi.org/10.5771/1430-6387-2014-4-389

Wheatley, J. (2012). Using VAAs to explore the dimensionality of the policy space: Experiments from Brazil, Peru, Scotland and Cyprus. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 5(3–4), 318–348.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2012.051304

Wheatley, J. (2015). Restructuring the policy space in England: The end of the Left–Right paradigm? British Politics, 10(3), 268–285.
https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2015.35

Wheatley, J. (2016). Cleavage structures and dimensions of ideology in English politics: Evidence from Voting Advice Application data. Policy & Internet, 8(4), 457–477.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.129

Wheatley, J., Carman, C., Mendez, F., & Mitchell, J. (2014). The dimensionality of the Scottish political space: Results from an experiment on the 2011 Holyrood elections. Party Politics, 20(6), 864–878.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812458614

3. DIGITAL DIVIDE AND MARGINALISATION ⏵

Allen, D., & Light, J. S. (2015). From voice to influence: Understanding citizenship in a digital age. University of Chicago Press.

Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164887

Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H. E., & Verba, S. (2018). Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age. Princeton University Press.

3.1 Ability of technology to affect participation

Jennings, M. K., & Zeitner, V. (2003). Internet Use and Civic Engagement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(3), 311–334.
https://doi.org/10.1086/376947

3.2 Spread and use of technologies

Ala-Mutka, K. (2011). Mapping digital competence: Towards a conceptual understanding (Technical Note JRC 67075). Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies.

Anderson, B. (2005). The value of mixed-method longitudinal panel studies in ICT research: Transitions in and out of ‘ICT poverty’as a case in point. Information, Community & Society, 8(3), 343–367.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180500259160

Barzilai-Nahon, K. (2006). Gaps and bits: Conceptualizing measurements for digital divide/s. The Information Society, 22(5), 269–278.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240600903953

Bimber, B. (2000). Measuring the gender gap on the Internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 868–876.

Brandtzæg, P. B., Heim, J., & Karahasanović, A. (2011). Understanding the new digital divide—A typology of Internet users in Europe. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 69(3), 123–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.11.004

Chinn, M. D., & Fairlie, R. W. (2006). The determinants of the global digital divide: A cross-country analysis of computer and internet penetration. Oxford Economic Papers, 59(1), 16–44.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl024

Cortada, J. W. (2008). Patterns and Practices in How Information Technology Spread around the World. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 30(4), 4–25.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2008.71

De Marez, L., Evens, T., & Stragier, J. (2011). Diffusion theory vs. Today’s ICT environment. Observatorio (OBS*), 5(3), 175–202.
https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS532011474

deutschland.de. (2019, November 26). Who is online and how? Deutschland.De.
https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/knowledge/internet-use-in-germany-facts-and-figures

DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., & Shafer, S. (2004). Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. In K. M. Neckerman (Ed.), Social Inequality (pp. 359–374, 390, 392–400). Russell Sage Foundation.

Dobransky, K., & Hargittai, E. (2006). The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society, 9(3), 313–334.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180600751298

Hargittai, E. (1999). Weaving the Western Web: Explaining differences in Internet connectivity among OECD countries. Telecommunications Policy, 23(10–11), 701–718.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(99)00050-6

Hargittai, E. (2004). Internet Access and Use in Context. New Media & Society, 6(1), 137–143.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042310

Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet. Communication Research, 35(5), 602–621.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321782

Helsper, E. J. (2010). Gendered Internet Use Across Generations and Life Stages. Communication Research, 37(3), 352–374.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209356439

Lilleker, D. G., & Koc-Michalska, K. (2017). What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age. Political Communication, 34(1), 21–43.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235

Milner, H. V. (2006). The Digital Divide: The Role of Political Institutions in Technology Diffusion. Comparative Political Studies, 39(2), 176–199.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005282983

Neves, B. B., Amaro, F., & Fonseca, J. R. S. (2013). Coming of (Old) Age in the Digital Age: ICT Usage and Non-Usage among Older Adults. Sociological Research Online, 18(2), 22–35.
https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2998

Neves, B. B., Fonseca, J. R. S., Amaro, F., & Pasqualotti, A. (2018). Social capital and Internet use in an age-comparative perspective with a focus on later life. PLOS ONE, 13(2).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192119

Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164887

Ono, H., & Zavodny, M. (2003). Gender and the Internet. Social Science Quarterly, 84(1), 111–121.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.t01-1-8401007

Pan, Z., Yan, W., Jing, G., & Zheng, J. (2011). Exploring structured inequality in Internet use behavior. Asian Journal of Communication, 21(2), 116–132.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2010.543555

Rogers, E. M. (2010). Diffusion of innovations. Simon and Schuster.

Stern, M. J., Adams, A. E., & Elsasser, S. (2009). Digital Inequality and Place: The Effects of Technological Diffusion on Internet Proficiency and Usage across Rural, Suburban, and Urban Counties. Sociological Inquiry, 79(4), 391–417.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00302.x

van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2015). Increasing inequalities in what we do online: A longitudinal cross sectional analysis of Internet activities among the Dutch population (2010 to 2013) over gender, age, education, and income. Telematics and Informatics, 32(2), 259–272.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.09.003

Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T. (2010). New Technology and Digital Worlds: Analyzing Evidence of Equity in Access, Use, and Outcomes. Review of Research in Education, 34(1), 179–225.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09349791

Wei, L. (2012). Number Matters: The Multimodality of Internet Use as an Indicator of the Digital Inequalities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 303–318.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01578.x

Willis, S., & Tranter, B. (2006). Beyond the ‘digital divide’: Internet diffusion and inequality in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 42(1), 43–59.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783306061352

Wresch, W. (1996). Disconnected: Haves and have-nots in the information age. Rutgers University Press.

3.3 Unequal participation

Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2016). Clicking vs. Sharing: The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 215–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.013

Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363

Branco Illodo, I. (2018). Young Voters UK: Engagement, Disengagement and Re-engagement?

Büchi, M., & Vogler, F. (2017). Testing a Digital Inequality Model for Online Political Participation. Socius, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117733903

Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2010). Mobile communication and civic life: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 536–555.

Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2011). Mobile Communication and Civil Society: Linking Patterns and Places of Use to Engagement with Others in Public. Human Communication Research, 37(2), 207–222.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01399.x

Cantijoch, M., & Gibson, R. (2019). E-participation. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.

Chadha, M., Avila, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2012). Listening in: Building a profile of podcast users and analyzing their political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 9(4), 388–401.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.717481

Elliott, T., & Earl, J. (2018). Online protest participation and the digital divide: Modeling the effect of the digital divide on online petition-signing. New Media & Society, 20(2), 698–719.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816669159

Farrell, H. (2012). The consequences of the internet for politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 15, 35–52.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815

Hargittai, E., & Walejko, G. (2008). The participation divide: Content creation and sharing in the digital age. Information, Community and Society, 11(2), 239–256.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946150

Hindman, M. (2008). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press.

Hoffman, L. H., & Schechter, A. L. (2016). Technical Skills Required: How Technological Efficacy Influences Online Political Behavior. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(3), 484–502.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2016.1203321

Hoffmann, C. P. (2020). „Digital Divide “und „Gamification “. Chancen, Formen und Grenzen der digitalen Partizipation. In A. Lorenz, C. Hoffmann, & U. Hitschfeld (Eds.), Partizipation für alle und alles? (pp. 383–405). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27898-4_21

Jung, J.-Y., Qiu, J. L., & Kim, Y.-C. (2001). Internet Connectedness and Inequality: Beyond the “Divide”. Communication Research, 28(4), 507–535.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028004006

Lee, S. H. (2017). Digital democracy in Asia: The impact of the Asian internet on political participation. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 14(1), 62–82.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1214095

Lusoli, W. (2005). A second-order medium? The Internet as a source of electoral information in 25 European countries. Information Polity, 10(3–4), 247–265.
https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2005-0082

Morris, D. S., & Morris, J. S. (2013). Digital Inequality and Participation in the Political Process: Real or Imagined? Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 589–600.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313489259

Morris, D. S., & Morris, J. S. (2017). Evolving Learning: The Changing Effect of Internet Access on Political Knowledge and Engagement (1998–2012). Sociological Forum, 32(2), 339–358.
https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12333

Oser, J., Hooghe, M., & Marien, S. (2013). Is Online Participation Distinct from Offline Participation? A Latent Class Analysis of Participation Types and Their Stratification. Political Research Quarterly, 66(1), 91–101.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912436695

Oser, J., Leighley, J. E., & Winneg, K. M. (2014). Participation, Online and Otherwise: What’s the Difference for Policy Preferences? Social Science Quarterly, 95(5), 1259–1277.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12100

Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H. E., & Verba, S. (2018). Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age. Princeton University Press.

Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2010). Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the Internet. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 487–509.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001210

Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2011). Who speaks? Citizen political voice on the internet commons. Daedalus, 140(4), 121–139.
https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00119

Steinberg, A. (2015). Exploring Web 2.0 political engagement: Is new technology reducing the biases of political participation? Electoral Studies, 39, 102–116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.003

Theocharis, Y., de Moor, J., & van Deth, J. W. (2019). Digitally Networked Participation and Lifestyle Politics as New Modes of Political Participation. Policy & Internet, 13(1), 30–53.
https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.231

van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34(4–5), 221–235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004

Zillien, N., & Hargittai, E. (2009). Digital Distinction: Status-Specific Types of Internet Usage. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 274–291.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00617.x

4. ETHICS OF CAMPAIGNS

Achen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016). Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400882731

Bagg, S., & Tranvik, I. (2019). An Adversarial Ethics for Campaigns and Elections. Perspectives on Politics, 17(4), 973–987.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719002639

Beerbohm, E. (2016). The Ethics of Electioneering. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(4), 381–405.
https://doi.org/10.2307/195099910.1111/jopp.12082

Bresler, K. (1993). Seeking justice, seeking election, and seeking the death penalty: The ethics of prosecutorial candidates’ campaigning on capital convictions. Georgia Journal of Legal Ethics, 7, 941.

Dobber, T., Trilling, D., Helberger, N., & De Vreese, C. H. (2017). Two crates of beer and 40 pizzas: The adoption of innovative political behavioural targeting techniques. Internet Policy Review, 6(4), 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.14763/2017.4.777

Lipsitz, K. (2004). Democratic theory and political campaigns. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(2), 163–189.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00196.x

Lipsitz, K. (2011). Competitive elections and the American voter. University of Pennsylvania Press.
https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812204193

Mendelberg, T. (2017). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1trkhws

Schedler, A. (2020). Democratic Reciprocity. Journal of Political Philosophy.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12232

5. ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION/MEDIA REPORTING

Aarts, K., & Semetko, H. A. (2003). The Divided Electorate: Media Use and Political Involvement. The Journal of Politics, 65(3), 759–784.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00211

Balkin, J. M. (1999). How mass media simulate political transparency. Journal for Cultural Research, 3(4), 393–413.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14797589909367175

Belsey, A., & Chadwick, R. (2002). Ethical issues in journalism and the media. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203005880

Day, L. A. (2005). Ethics in media communications: Cases and controversies. Cengage Learning.

Ess, C. (2013). Digital media ethics. Polity.

Franklin, B. (Ed.). (2005). Local Journalism and Local Media: Making the Local News. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203969205

Hafez, K. (2002). Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia. Political Communication, 19(2), 225–250.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600252907461

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867

Highfield, T. (2017). Social media and everyday politics. John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1362457

Kaid, L. L. (Ed.). (2004). Handbook of Political Communication Research. Routledge.

Kaplan, R. L. (2006). The News About New Institutionalism: Journalism’s Ethic of Objectivity and Its Political Origins. Political Communication, 23(2), 173–185.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600629737

Keeble, R. (2008). Ethics for journalists. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203698822

Lacey, K. (2013). Listening Publics: The Politics and Experience of Listening in the Media Age. John Wiley & Sons.

McChesney, R. D. (2004). The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the 21st Century. Monthly Review Press.

McNair, B. (2017). An Introduction to Political Communication. Taylor & Francis.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315750293

Plasser, F. (2005). From Hard to Soft News Standards?: How Political Journalists in Different Media Systems Evaluate the Shifting Quality of News. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(2), 47–68.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05277746

Schultz, J. (1998). Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597138

Voltmer, K. (2004). Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies. Routledge.

6. ETHICS OF POLLING ⏵

6.1 Empirics ⏵

6.1.1 Effects

Ampofo, L., Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). Trust, confidence, and credibility: Citizen responses on twitter to opinion polls during the 2010 UK general election. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 850–871.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.587882

Marsh, C. (1985). Back on the Bandwagon: The Effect of Opinion Polls on Public Opinion. British Journal of Political Science, 15(1), 51–74.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400004063

McAllister, I., & Studlar, D. T. (1991). Bandwagon, underdog, or projection? Opinion polls and electoral choice in Britain, 1979-1987. The Journal of Politics, 53(3), 720–741.

Mehrabian, L. (1998). Effects of poll reports on voter preferences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(23), 2119–2130.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01363.x

Moy, P., & Rinke, E. M. (2012). Attitudinal and Behavioral Consequences of Published Opinion Polls. In C. Holtz-Bacha & J. Strömbäck (Eds.), Opinion Polls and the Media (pp. 225–245). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374959_11

Nadeau, R., Cloutier, E., & Guay, J.-H. (1993). New Evidence About the Existence of a Bandwagon Effect in the Opinion Formation Process. International Political Science Review, 14(2), 203–213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019251219301400204

6.1.2 Legal frameworks

Chung, R. (2012). The Freedom to Publish Opinion Poll Results: A Worldwide Update of 2012. World Association for Public Opinion Research.

Donsbach, W., & Hartung, U. (2008). The Legal Status of Public Opinion Research in the World. The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research, 431–440.

Frankovic, K., Jodice, D. A., Kizilova, K., & Wai Yu, S. T. (2003). The Freedom to Conduct and Publish Opinion Polls: A 2023 Worldwide Update. World Association for Public Opinion Research.

Moon, N. (1999). Opinion Polls: History, Theory and Practice. Manchester University Press.

Petersen, T. (2012). Regulation of Opinion Polls: A Comparative Perspective. In C. Holtz-Bacha & J. Strömbäck (Eds.), Opinion Polls and the Media (pp. 47–68). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374959_3

Petersson, O. (2003). Regulating election polls. Centre for Business and Policy Studies.

Sułek, A. (2008). The Struggle for the Freedom to Publish Pre-Election Poll Results: The Case of Poland. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 129–147.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edn016

6.2 Privacy

Bulmer, M. (Ed.). (1979). Censuses, surveys, and privacy. Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16184-3

6.3 Regulation ⏵

Hardmeier, S. (1999). Political poll reporting in Swiss print media: Analysis and suggestions for quality improvement. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11(3), 257–274.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/11.3.257

6.3.1 Disclosure

Michalos, A. C. (1991). Ethical considerations regarding public opinion polling during election campaigns. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(6), 403–422.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382824

6.4 Should be legal

Michalos, A. C. (1991). Ethical considerations regarding public opinion polling during election campaigns. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(6), 403–422.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382824

Sønderholm, J. (2016). Is the publication of exit poll results morally permissible? Public Affairs Quarterly, 30(1), 53–68.

7. SOCIAL MEDIA AND GROUP POLARISATION

Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (n.d.). The Use of Social Media on Political Participation Among University Students: An Analysis of Survey Results From Rural Pakistan. SAGE Open, 9(3).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864484

Bimber, B., Cunill, M. C., Copeland, L., & Gibson, R. (2015). Digital Media and Political Participation: The Moderating Role of Political Interest Across Acts and Over Time. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 21–42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314526559

Bode, L., & Dalrymple, K. E. (2016). Politics in 140 characters or less: Campaign communication, network interaction, and political participation on Twitter. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(4), 311–332.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.959686

Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542

Cardenal, A. S., Galais, C., & Majó-Vázquez, S. (2018). Is Facebook Eroding the Public Agenda? Evidence From Survey and Web-Tracking Data. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 31(4), 589–608.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edy025

Chan, M., Chen, H.-T., & Lee, F. L. (2017). Examining the roles of mobile and social media in political participation: A cross-national analysis of three Asian societies using a communication mediation approach. New Media & Society, 19(12), 2003–2021.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816653190

Choi, J., Lee, J. K., & Metzgar, E. T. (2017). Investigating effects of social media news sharing on the relationship between network heterogeneity and political participation. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 25–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.003

Cogburn, D. L., & Espinoza-Vasquez, F. K. (2011). From Networked Nominee to Networked Nation: Examining the Impact of Web 2.0 and Social Media on Political Participation and Civic Engagement in the 2008 Obama Campaign. Journal of Political Marketing, 10(1–2), 189–213.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2011.540224

Corrigall-Brown, C., & Wilkes, R. (2014). Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation. The Social Science Journal, 51(3), 408–421.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.009

Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The Effects of Social Media on Political Participation and Candidate Image Evaluations in the 2012 Iowa Caucuses. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1568–1583.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213489011

Effing, R., Van Hillegersberg, J., & Huibers, T. (2011). Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems? In E. Tambouris, A. Macintosh, & H. de Bruijn (Eds.), Electronic Participation (Vol. 6847, pp. 25–35). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3_3

Fenton, N., & Barassi, V. (2011). Alternative Media and Social Networking Sites: The Politics of Individuation and Political Participation. The Communication Review, 14(3), 179–196.
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