Accessing Resources via Hierarchical Exploration of Topic Areas

INEQUALITY AND MARGINALISATION

Barbieri, D., Bernardo, C., Eldermans, E. L., Mezza, A., Mollard, B., Nahrgang, M., Peciukonis, V., Reingardė, J., Lestón, I. R., Salanauskaitė, L., & Wildschut, A. (2023). Gender Equality Index 2023 (p. 196). European Institute for Gender Equality.
https://doi.org/10.2839/64810

Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe? (EUR 30181 EN). Joint Research Center - European Commission.
https://doi.org/10.2760/37511

Bukodi, E., & Paskov, M. (2020). Intergenerational Class Mobility among Men and Women in Europe: Gender Differences or Gender Similarities? European Sociological Review, 36(4), 495–512.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa001

Clark, N., & Rohrschneider, R. (2021). Tracing the development of nationalist attitudes in the EU. European Union Politics, 0(0), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520988902

De Dominicis, L., Dijkstra, L., & Pontarollo, N. (2020). The Urban-Rural Divide In Anti-EU Vote – Social, demographic and economic factors affecting the vote for parties opposed to European integration (Working Paper WP 05/2020; pp. 1–22). European Commission - Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy.
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2776/696524

Dijkstra, L., Poleman, H., & Rodrigues-Pose, A. (2020). The Geography of EU Discontent. Regional Studies, 54(6).

Dijkstra, L., Poleman, H., & Rodrigues-Pose, A. (2023). The Geography of EU Discontent (Working Paper WP 03/2023; p. 46). European Commission - Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy.
Htps://doi.org/10.2776/164290

Doering, J., Silver, D., & Taylor, Z. (2020). The Spatial Articulation of Urban Political Cleavages. Urban Affairs Review, 57(4), 1–41.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087420940789

European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 (Strategy COM (2020) 152). European Commission.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152

European Commission. (2022). 2022 Report on Gender Equality in the EU (p. 72). European Commission - Directorate General for Justice and Consumers.
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/94579

European Commission. (2023). Employment and Social Developments in Europe—2023.
https://op.europa.eu/webpub/empl/esde-2023/

European Institute for Gender Equality. (n.d.). https://Eige.Europa.Eu/.

Falanga, R., Cebulla, A., Principi, A., & Socci, M. (2021). The Participation of Senior Citizens in Policy-Making: Patterning Initiatives in Europe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010034

Fana, M., Tolan, S., Torrejón, S., Urzi Brancati, C., & Fernández-Macías, E. (2020). The COVID confinement measures and EU labour markets (EUR 30190 EN,). European Commission - Joint Research Center.
https://doi.org/10.2760/079230

Filauro, S. (2018). The EU-wide income distribution: Inequality levels and decompositions. European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/388578

Filauro, S., & Parolin, Z. (2018). Unequal unions? A comparative decomposition of income inequality in the European Union and United States. Journal of European Social Policy, 29(4), 545–563.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928718807332

Fortner, M. (2021). The revenge of the village? The geography of right-wing populist electoral success, anti-politics, and austerity in Germany. Politics and Space, 39(3), 574–596.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420951803

Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2016). Going to extremes: Politics after financial crises, 1870–2014. European Economic Review, 88, 227–260.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.03.006

Gebhard, C., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H., Morgan, R., & Klein, S. (2020). Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of Sex Differences, 11, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9

Gender Equality Index 2023—Country Profiles. (2023). [Collection of factsheets (pdf)].
https://eige.europa.eu/modules/custom/eige_gei/app/content/downloads/factsheets/2023-all-country-profiles.zip

Gender Equality Index Data from 2013-2023. (2023). [MS Excel]. European Institute for Gender Equality.
https://eige.europa.eu/modules/custom/eige_gei/app/content/downloads/gender-equality-index-2013-2015-2017-2019-2020-2021-2022-2023.xlsx

Goossen, M. (2020). The gender gap in welfare state attitudes in Europe: The role of unpaid labour and family policy. Journal of European Social Policy, 30(4), 452–466.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928719899337

Gozgor. (2022). The Role of Economic Uncertainty in Rising Populism in the EU. Public Choice, 190, 229–246.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-021-00933-7

Guiso, L. (2020). Economic Insecurity and the Demand of Populism in Europe.

Guiso, L., Herrera, H., Morelli, M., & Sonno, T. (2018). Populism: Demand and Supply [Working Paper]. EconPapers.
https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11871

Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550362

Kelemen, D. (2020). The European Union’s authoritarian equilibrium. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(3), 481–499.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1712455

Kenny, M., & Luca, D. (2021). The urban-rural polarisation of political disenchantment: An investigation of social and political attitudes in 30 European countries. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(3), 565–582.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab012

Lucassen, G., & Lubbers, M. (2012). Who Fears What? Explaining Far-Right-Wing Preference in Europe by Distinguishing Perceived Cultural and Economic Ethnic Threats. Comparative Political Studies, 45(5), 547–574.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011427851

Möhring, K., Reifenscheid, M., & Weiland, A. (2023). Is the Recession a ‘Shecession’? Gender Inequality in the Employment Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. In S. Börner & M. Seeleib-Kaiser (Eds.), European Social Policy and the Covid-19 Pandemic (pp. 185–212). Oxford University Press.

OECD. (2018). A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility. OECD.
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en

Piketty, T. (2020). Capital and Ideology. Harvard University Press.

Profeta, P. (2020). Gender Equality and Public Policy: Measuring Progress in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108525886

Rodrick, D. (2017). Is Global Equality the Enemy of National Equality? (Working Paper RWP17-003; p. 36). Harvard University.
Http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2910603

Rodrick, D. (2021). Why Does Globalization Fuel Populism? Economics, Culture, and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism. Annual Review of Economics, 13, 133–170.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070220-032416

Rodriguez-Posé, A. (2020). The Rise of Populism and the Revenge of the Places That Don’t Matter. LSE Public Policy Review, 1(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.31389/lseppr.4

Schäfer, A., & Schwander, H. (2019). ‘Don’t play if you can’t win’: Does economic inequality undermine political equality? European Political Science Review, 11(3), 395–413.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773919000201

Schwander, H., Gohla, D., & Schäfer, A. (2020). Fighting Fire with Fire? Inequality, Populism and Voter Turnout. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 61(2), 261–283.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-020-00247-1

Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2

1. DISENFRANCHISEMENT ⏵

1.1 Age-based disenfranchisement

Archard, D., & Macleod, C. (Eds.). (2002). The Moral and Political Status of Children. Oxford Academic.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0199242682.001.0001

Beckman, L. (2018). Children and the right to vote. In A. Gheaus & J. De Wispelaere (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Childhood and Children (pp. 384–394). Routledge.

Chan, T. W., & Clayton, M. (2006). Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations: Political Studies, 54(3), 533–558.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2006.00620.x

Cholbi, M. (2020). Equality, Self-Government, and Disenfranchising Kids: A Reply to Yaffe. Moral Philosophy and Politics, 7(2), 281–297.
https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2019-0043

Cohen, H. (1978). On the Exchange Between Schrag and Cohen, ‘The Child’s Status in he Democratic State’. Political Theory, 6(2), 249–251.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009059177800600209

Cook, P. (2013). Against a minimum voting age. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 16(3), 439–458.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2013.795707

Cowley, P., & Denver, D. (2004). Votes at 16? The Case Against. Representation, 41(1), 57–62.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890408523289

Fowler, T. (2013). The status of child citizens: Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 13(1), 93–113.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X13483482

Harris, J. (1982). The Political Status of Children. In K. Graham (Ed.), Contemporary Political Philosophy: Radical Studies (pp. 35–59). Cambridge University Press.

Hart, D., & Atkins, R. (2011). American Sixteen- and Seventeen-Year-Olds Are Ready to Vote. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 633(1), 201–222.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716210382395

Hinrichs, K. (2002). Do the old exploit the young? Is enfranchising children a good idea? European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 43(1), 35–58.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001017

Hinze, J. (2019). Does epistemic proceduralism justify the disenfranchisement of children? Journal of Global Ethics, 15(3), 287–305.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2019.1687569

Lau, J. C. (2012). Two Arguments for Child Enfranchisement. Political Studies, 60(4), 860–876.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00940.x

Lecce, S. (2009). Should Democracy Grow up? Children and Voting Rights. Intergenerational Justice Review, 4.
https://doi.org/10.24357/igjr.4.4.510

Lopez-Guerra, C. (2012). Enfranchising Minors and the Mentally Impaired. Social Theory and Practice, 38(1), 115–138.

McAllister, I. (2014). The politics of lowering the voting age in Australia: Evaluating the evidence. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 68–83.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2013.868402

Merry, M., & Schinkel, A. (2016). Voting Rights for Older Children and Civic Education. Public Affairs Quarterly, 30(3), 197–213.

Mráz, A. (2020). Disenfranchisement and the Capacity/Equality Puzzle: Why Disenfranchise Children but Not Adults Living with Cognitive Disabilities. Moral Philosophy and Politics, 7(2), 255–279.
https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2019-0054

Munn, N. J. (2012a). Capacity testing the youth: A proposal for broader enfranchisement. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(8), 1048–1062.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.683406

Munn, N. J. (2012b). Reconciling the Criminal and Participatory Responsibilities of the Youth. Social Theory and Pratice, 38(1), 139–159.
https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract20123816

Olsson, S. (2008). Children’s Suffrage: A Critique of the Importance of Voters’ Knowledge for the Well-Being of Democracy. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 16(1), 55–76.
https://doi.org/10.1163/092755608x267120

Petersen, P. E. (1993). An Immodest Proposal: Let’s Give Children the Vote. The Brookings Review, 11(1), 18–23.

Peto, T. (2018). Why the voting age should be lowered to 16. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 17(3), 277–297.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X17705651

Priest, M. (2016). Why Children Should Be Allowed to Vote. Public Affairs Quarterly, 30(3), 215–238.

Rehfeld, A. (2010). The Child as Democratic Citizen. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 63(1), 141–166.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716210383656

Rosenqvist, O. (2020). Rising to the Occasion? Youth Political Knowledge and the Voting Age. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 781–792.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000515

Schrag, F. (1975). The Child’s Status in the Democratic State. Political Theory, 3(4), 441–457.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009059177500300407

Schrag, F. (2004). Children and Democracy: Theory and policy. Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 3(3), 365–379.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X04046248

Spitz, E. (1976). On “The Child’s Status in the Democratic State”. Political Theory, 4(3), 372–374.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009059177600400311

Umbers, L. (2018). Enfranchising the Youth. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 23(6), 732–755.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2018.1511172

van Parijs, P. (1998). The Disfranchisement of the Elderly, and Other Attempts to Secure Intergenerational Justice. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 27(4), 292–333.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.1998.tb00072.x

Wagner, M., Johann, D., & Kritzinger, S. (2012). Voting at 16: Turnout and the quality of vote choice. Electoral Studies, 31(2), 372–383.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.01.007

Wall, J. (2022). Give Children the Vote: On Democratizing Democracy. Bloomsbury Academic.

Wiland, E. (2018). Should Children Have the Right to Vote? In D. Boonin (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy (pp. 215–224). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_17

Zeglovits, E., & Zandonella, M. (2013). Political interest of adolescents before and after lowering the voting age: The case of Austria. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(8), 1084–1104.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.793785

1.2 Cognitive disability and disenfranchisement

Anderson, J. (2012). Intellectual Disability and the Human Right to Vote: Evolving Conceptions of the Universality of Suffrage. In J. Anderson & Philips (Eds.), Disability and Universal Human Rights: Legal, Ethical, and Conceptual Implications of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Vol. 35, pp. 99–121). Netherlands Institute of Human rights.

Appelbaum, P. S., Bonnie, R. J., & Karlawish, J. H. (2005). The capacity to vote of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(11), 2094–2100.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2094

Appelbaum, P. S., Karlawish, J., & Raad, R. (2009). The Capacity to Vote of Persons with Serious Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 60(5), 624–628.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.5.624

Barclay, L. (2013). Cognitive Impairment and the Right to Vote: A Strategic Approach. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 30(2), 146–159.
https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12020

Barclay, L. (2019). Dignity and the Right to Vote. In Disability with Dignity: Justice, Human Rights, and Equal Status (pp. 114–127). Routledge.

Braun, K. (2015). “Nothing About Us Without Us”: The Legal Disenfranchisement of Voters With Disabilities in Germany and its Compliance with International Human Rights Standards on Disabilities. American University International Law Review, 30(2), 315–346.

Catala, A. (2020). Metaepistemic Injustice and Intellectual Disability: A Pluralist Account of Epistemic Agency. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 23(5), 755–776.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10120-0

Desjeux, C. (2020). Vote et handicaps: Vers une éthique de la vulnérabilité : pour aller au-delà de l’inclusion. Presses universitaires de Grenoble.

European Commission for Democracy through Law. (2011). Information note concerning the Interpretative Declaration of the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters on the Participation of People with Disabilities in Elections (CDL(2011)043).
Http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL(2011)043-e

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2010). The right to political participation of persons with mental health problems and persons with intellectual disabilities. Publications Office.
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2811/84758

Fiala-Butora, J., Stein, M. A., & Lord, J. E. (2014). The Democratic Life of the Union: Toward Equal Voting Participation for Europeans with Disabilities. Harvard International Law Journal, 55, 71–104.

Gísladóttir, I. S. & Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2019). Guidelines on promoting the political participation of persons with disabilities.
https://www.osce.org/odihr/414344?download=true

Goodin, R. E., & Lau, J. C. (2011). Enfranchising Incompetents: Suretyship and the Joint Authorship of Laws. Ratio, 24(2), 154–166.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9329.2011.00490.x

Irastorza, L. J., Corujo, P., & Bañuelos, P. (2011). Capacity to vote in persons with dementia and the elderly. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2011, 941041.
https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/941041

López-Guerra, C. (2010). Enfranchising minors and the mentally impaired. Social Theory and Practice, 38, 115–138.

Lord, J. E., Stein, M. A., & Fiala-Butora, J. (2014). Facilitating an Equal Right to Vote for Persons with Disabilities. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 6(1), 115–139.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hut034

Mráz, A. (2023). A Hard Case for the Ethics of Supported Voting: Cognitive and Communicative Disabilities, and Incommunicability. Contemporary Political Theory, 22, 353–374.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41296-022-00602-4

Munn, N. J. (2018). Against the Political Exclusion of the Incapable. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 35(3), 601–616.
https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12229

Nussbaum, M. C. (2009). The Capabilities of People with Cognitive Disabilities. Metaphilosophy, 40, 331–351.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2009.01606.x

Okura, S. (2018). The last suffrage movement in Japan: Voting rights for persons under guardianship. Contemporary Japan, 30(2), 189–203.
https://doi.org/10.1080/18692729.2018.1506642

Rawert, M. (2017). The political rights of persons with disabilities: A democratic issue (14268). Council of Europe - Parliamentary Assembly.
https://pace.coe.int/files/23491/pdf

Redley, M. (2008). Citizen with Learning Disabilities and the Right to Vote. Disability and Society, 23(4), 375–384.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802038894

Schriner, L., Ochs, L. A., & Shields, T. G. (1997). The Last Suffrage Movement: Voting rights for persons with cognitive and emotional disturbances. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 27(3), 75–95.

Simplican, S. C. (2018). Democratic Care and Intellectual Disability: More than Maintenance. Ethics and Social Welfare, 12(4), 298–313.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2018.1452954

1.3 Criminal disenfranchisement

Gainey, B. (n.d.-a). The Fight To Vote Part 1: Florida Felons Battle For Re-Enfranchisement. WFSU.
https://news.wfsu.org/state-news/2020-06-29/the-fight-to-vote-part-1-florida-felons-battle-for-re-enfranchisement

Gainey, B. (n.d.-b). The Fight To Vote Part 2: History Of Florida’s Voter Disenfranchisement. WFSU.
https://news.wfsu.org/state-news/2020-06-30/the-fight-to-vote-part-2-history-of-floridas-voter-disenfranchisement

Poama, A., & Theuns, T. (2018, November 14). Restoring Florida’s felon voting rights is less democratic than you think. Le Monde Diplomatique.
https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/florida-felon-voting-rights

Poama, A., & Theuns, T. (2019). Making Offenders Vote: Democratic Expressivism and Compulsory Criminal Voting. American Political Science Review, 113(3), 796–809.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000297

1.4 Nomadic citizens

Häggrot, M. C. (2018). The right to vote and nomadic voter enrolment. Citizenship Studies, 22(7), 725–744.
https://doi.org/https//doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1508417

2. MARGINALISATION ⏵

European Commission. (2021). Unequal Democracies. CORDIS - European Commission.
https://doi.org/10.3030/741538

Kayran, E. N. (2020). Political Responses and Electoral Behaviour at Times of Socioeconomic Risk Inequalities and Immigration [PhD]. The Graduate Institute Geneva.

Kurella, A., & Rosset, J. (2018). The Rise of Cultural Issues as an Opportunity for the Right? Insights from the 2015 Swiss Election. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(4), 381–399.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12327

Kurella, A.-S., & Rosset, J. (2017). Blind spots in the party system: Spatial voting and issue salience if voters face scarce choices. Electoral Studies, 49, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.07.001

Lefkofridi, Z., & Giger, N. (2020). Democracy or Oligarchy? Unequal Representation of Income Groups in European Institutions. Politics and Governance, 8(1), 19–27.
https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2526

Mosimann, N. (2017). Solidarity in times of inequality: Trade union politics and union membership effects [University of Geneva].
https://doi.org/10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:103968

Mosimann, N., & Pontusson, J. (2017). Solidaristic unionism and support for redistribution in contemporary Europe. World Politics, 69(3), 448–492.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887117000107

Mosimann, N., Rennwald, L., & Zimmermann, A. (2019). The radical right, the labour movement and the competition for the workers’ vote. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 40(1), 65–90.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X18780317

Pekari, N., Rosset, J., & Schmid, F. (2018). Economic Context and Attitudes towards the Welfare State: The Relationship between (Perceived) Unemployment Risk and Demand for Social Policy. In R. Tillmann, M. Voorpostel, & P. Farago (Eds.), Social Dynamics in Swiss Society (pp. 215–229). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89557-4_15

Pontusson, J., & Weisstanner, D. (2018). Macroeconomic conditions, inequality shocks and the politics of redistribution, 1990–2013. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(1), 31–58.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310280

Rennwald, L. (2020). Social Democratic Parties and the Working Class: New Voting Patterns. Springer Nature.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46239-0

Rennwald, L., & Pontusson, J. (2020). Paper Stones Revisited: Class Voting, Unionization and the Electoral Decline of the Mainstream Left. Perspectives on Politics, 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720000067

Rosset, J., & Kurella, A. (2020). The electoral roots of unequal representation. A spatial modelling approach to party systems and voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 60(4), 785–806.
https://doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12423

Rosset, J., & Stecker, C. (2019). How well are citizens represented by their governments? Issue congruence and inequality in Europe. European Political Science Review, 11(2), 145–160.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773919000043

University of Geneva. (2017, November 17). Unequal Democracies. Unequal Democracies.
https://unequaldemocracies.unige.ch/en/home/

2.1 Economic marginalisation

Caselli, M., Fracasso, A., & Traverso, S. (2020). Globalization and electoral outcomes: Evidence from Italy. Economics & Politics, 32(1), 68–103.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12147

Corstange, D. (2012). Vote Trafficking in Lebanon. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(3), 483–505.

Dalton, R. J. (2017). The participation gap: Social status and political inequality. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001

Gilabert, P. (2005). The Duty to Eradicate Global Poverty: Positive or Negative? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 7(5), 537–550.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-005-6489-9

Goubin, S., Hooghe, M., Okolikj, M., & Stiers, D. (2020). Economic inequality and electoral accountability: Inequality and differences in economic voting across Western democracies. Comparative European Politics, 18(5), 793–818.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-020-00209-2

Hicken, A., Leider, S., Ravanilla, N., & Yang, D. (2018). Temptation in vote-selling: Evidence from a field experiment in the Philippines. Journal of Development Economics, 131, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.012

Huijsmans, T., Rijken, A. J., & Gaidyte, T. (2022). The Income Gap in Voting: Moderating Effects of Income Inequality and Clientelism. Political Behavior, 44(1203–1223).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09652-z

Martikainen, P., Martikainen, T., & Wass, H. (2005). The effect of socioeconomic factors on voter turnout in Finland: A register-based study of 2.9 million voters. European Journal of Political Research, 44(5), 645–669.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00242.x

Nadeau, R., Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Foucault, M. (2019). Wealth and Voter Turnout: Investigating Twenty-Eight Democracies. Polity, 51(2), 261–287.
https://doi.org/10.1086/701961

Perrella, A. M. L., Bélanger, É., Nadeau, R., & Foucault, M. (2016). Does a Growing Income Gap Affect Political Attitudes? Canadian Public Policy, 42(1), 35–48.
https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2014-001

Pogge, T. (1997). Migration and Poverty. In V. Bader (Ed.), Citizenship and Exclusion (pp. 12–27). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374591_2

Riambau, G., Stillman, S., & Boe-Gibson, G. (2021). What determines preferences for an electoral system? Evidence from a binding referendum. Public Choice, 186(1–2), 179–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00770-9

Schäfer, A. (2010). Die Folgen sozialer Ungleicheit für die Demokratie in Westeuropa. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 4(1)(1), 131–156.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-010-0075-9

Schäfer, A., Roßteutscher, S., & Abendschön, S. (2020). Rising start-up costs of voting: Political inequality among first-time voters. West European Politics, 43(4), 819–844.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1638141

Singer, P. (2015). The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale University Press.

Thomas, P. (2007). Freedom from poverty as a human right: Who owes what to the very poor? & Oxford University Press.

Weeks, D. (2014, January 10). Why Are the Poor and Minorities Less Likely to Vote?
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/01/why-are-the-poor-and-minorities-less-likely-to-vote/282896/

White, P. J. (1998). Economic marginalization of Turkey’s Kurds: The failed promise of modernization and reform. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 18(1), 139–158.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602009808716398

2.2 Education inequality and voting

Dalton, R. J. (2017). The participation gap: Social status and political inequality. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001

Ojeda, C. (2015). Depression and Political Participation. Social Science Quarterly, 96(5), 1226–1243.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12173

2.3 Political marginalisation ⏵

Elsässer, L., Hense, S., & Schäfer, A. (2017). ”Dem Deutschen Volke“? Die ungleiche Responsivität des Bundestags. In Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (Vol. 27, pp. 161–180).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41358-017-0097-9

Fahim, K. (2020, July 20). Turkey’s crackdown on political opposition finds a favored target: Elected Kurdish mayors. Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkeys-erdogan-seeks-to-neuter-the-opposition-ousting-dozens-of-mayors-is-his-latest-move/2020/07/19/b624f574-bfb9-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html

Hobden, C. (2018). Unequal Political Engagement and the Possible Risks to Democracy. Theoria, 65(156), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2018.6515601

Schoen, H., & Schäfer, A. (2013). Mehr Demokratie, aber nur für wenige? Der Zielkonflikt zwischen mehr Beteiligung und politischer Gleichheit. Leviathan, 41(1)(1), 94–120.

2.3.1 'Wasted votes': normative discussions

Beitz, C. R. (1989). Political Equality: An Essay in Democratic Theory. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv173f2q4

King, L. A. (2016). Hopeful Losers? A Moral Case for Mixed Electoral Systems. Les Ateliers de l’éthique, 10(2), 107–121.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1035330ar

Wilson, J. L. (2019). Democratic Equality. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf0kn3

2.3.2 Voter suppression

Wellman, E. I. (2021). Emigrant Inclusion in Home Country Elections: Theory and Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. American Political Science Review, 115(1), 82–96.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000866

2.4 Social and cultural marginalisation

Cloke, P., & Little, J. (2005). Contested Countryside Cultures: Rurality and Socio-cultural Marginalisation. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203974124

Ehrlinger, J., Plant, E. A., Eibach, R. P., Columb, C. J., Goplen, J. L., Kunstman, J. W., & Butz, D. A. (2011). How Exposure to the Confederate Flag Affects Willingness to Vote for Barack Obama. Political Psychology, 32(1), 131–146.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00797.x

Greenwald, A. G., Smith, C. T., Sriram, N., Bar‐Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Implicit Race Attitudes Predicted Vote in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9(1), 241–253.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01195.x

Stokes-Brown, A. K. (2006). Racial Identity and Latino Vote Choice. American Politics Research, 34(5), 627–652.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X06289156

3. REDISTRIBUTION ⏵

Atkinson, A. B., & Bourguignon, F. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of Income Distribution. Elsevier.

Mahler, V. A. (2008). Electoral turnout and income redistribution by the state: A cros‐national analysis of the developed democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 47(2), 161–183.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00726.x

3.1 Case studies

Alesina, A., & Angeletos, G.-M. (2005). Fairness and Redistribution: US vs. Europe. American Economic Review, 95(4), 960–980.
https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825655

Alesina, A., & Glaeser, E. (2004). Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/0199267669.001.0001

3.2 Empirical studies

Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2011a). Chapter 4—Preferences for Redistribution. In J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, & M. O. Jackson (Eds.), Handbook of Social Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 93–131). North-Holland.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53187-2.00004-8

Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2011b). Family Ties and Political Participation. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(5), 817–839.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01024.x

Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2006). Belief in a Just World and Redistributive Politics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 699–746.
https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.699

Boarini, R., & Le Clainche, C. (2009). Social preferences for public intervention: An empirical investigation based on French data. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(1), 115–128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2008.08.005

Checchi, D., & Filippin, A. (2004). An Experimental Study of the POUM Hypothesis. In F. Cowell (Ed.), Inequality, Welfare and Income Distribution: Experimental Approaches (Vol. 11, pp. 115–136). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-2585(04)11006-5

Corneo, G., & Grüner, H. P. (2000). Social Limits to Redistribution. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1491–1507.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1491

Isaksson, A.-S., & Lindskog, A. (2009). Preferences for redistribution—A country comparison of fairness judgements. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(3), 884–902.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.08.006

Le Clainche, C., & Wittwer, J. (2012). Preferences for Redistribution: Normative Rationality, Self-Interest and Social Identification.
https://hal.science/hal-01686615

3.3 Normative approaches

Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2010). Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829262

Meltzer, A. H., & Richard, S. F. (1981). A Rational Theory of the Size of Government. Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), 914–927.
https://doi.org/10.1086/261013

3.4 Voter privacy

Aidt, T. S., & Jensen, P. S. (2016). From Open to Secret Ballot. Comparative Political Studies, 50(5), 555–53.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016628268

Brennan, G., & Pettit, P. (1990). Unveiling the Vote. British Journal of Political Science, 20(3), 311–333.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340000586X

Brettschneider, C. (2010). Democratic Rights: The Substance of Self-Government. Princeton University Press.

Bulmer, M. (Ed.). (1979). Censuses, surveys, and privacy. Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16184-3

Engelen, B. (2013). Against the secret ballot: Toward a new proposal for open voting. Acta Politica, 48(4), 490–507.
https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2013.10

Karpowitz, C. F., Monson, J. Q., Nielson, L., Patterson, K. D., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Political Norms and the Private Act of Voting. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(4), 659–685.
https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr024

Kreiss, D., & Howard, P. N. (2010). New Challenges to Political Privacy: Lessons from the First U.S. Presidential Race in the Web 2.0 Era. International Journal of Communication, 4, 1032–1050.

Lane, J. I., Stodden, V., Bender, S., & Nissenbaum, H. F. (2014). Privacy, Big Data, and the Public Good: Frameworks for Engagement. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107590205

Lever, A. (2015). Privacy and Democracy: What the Secret Ballot Reveals. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 11(2), 164–183.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872112458745

Manin, B. (2015). Why open voting in general elections is undesirable. In J. Elster (Ed.), Secrecy and Publicity in Votes and Debates (pp. 209–214). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316015360.011

McGeveran, W. (2011). Mrs. McIntyre’s Persona: Brining Privacy Theory to Election Law. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 19(4).

Nichter, S. (2008). Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 19–31.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080106

Pels, P., Briquet, J.-L., & Bertrand, R. (2007). Cultures of voting: The hidden history of the secret ballot. Hurst Publishers.

Raymond, C. D. (2014). The Effect of the Secret Ballot on Party System Fragmentation: A Test of Three Competing Arguments. Politics, 34(4), 378–390.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12055

Rubinstein, I. S. (2014). Voter Privacy in the Age of Big Data. Wisconsin Law Review, 2014(861), 76.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2447956

Rueda, M. R. (2015). Buying votes with imperfect local knowledge and a secret ballot. Journal Of Theoretical Politics, 27(3), 428–456.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629814533841

Uhrenfeldt, R. (2019). Deliberative Democracy and The Secret Ballot: Can We Have Both?: Three Areas of Tension. Public Reason, 11(1), 27–44.

Vandamme, P.-E. (2018). Voting secrecy and the right to justification. Constellations, 25(3), 388.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12278

Witzleb, N., Paterson, M., & Richardson, J. (Eds.). (2020). Big data, political campaigning and the law: Democracy and privacy in the age of micro-targeting. Routledge.

3.5 Voting on redistribution

Bartels, L. M. (2019). Partisan Politics and the U.S. Income Distribution. Social Indicators Research, 35.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2988377

Borck, R. (2007). Voting, Inequality and Redistribution. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(1), 90–109.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00265.x