Accessing Resources via Hierarchical Exploration of Topic Areas

DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND POPULISM

Bowler, S., & Donovan, T. (1998). Demanding Choices. University of Michigan Press.
https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.15428

Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style. Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12032

Pappas, T. S. (2016). Modern Populism: Research Advances, Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls, and the Minimal Definition. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.

1. DEMOCRACY DISENCHANTMENT ⏵

Medearis, J. (2015). Why democracy is oppositional. Harvard University Press.

1.1 Causes

Claassen, C. (2020). In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion. In American Political Science Review (Vol. 114, Issue 1, pp. 36–53).
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000558

Facchini, F., & Melki, M. (2019). The Democratic Crisis and the Knowledge Problem. Politics & Policy, 47(6), 1022–1038.
https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12330

1.2 Potential remedies ⏵

1.2.1 Mini publics ⏵

Bedock, C., & Pilet, J.-B. (2020). Enraged, Engaged, or Both? A Study of the Determinants of Support for Consultative vs. Binding Mini-Publics. Representation, 59(1), 33–53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778511

Jacquet, V., & van der Does, R. (2021a). Deliberation and Policy-Making: Three Ways to Think About Minipublics’ Consequences. Administration & Society, 53(3), 468–487.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399720964511

Jacquet, V., & van der Does, R. (2021b). The Consequences of Deliberative Minipublics: Systematic Overview, Conceptual Gaps, and New Directions. Representation, 57(1), 131–141.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778513

Kuyper, J. W., & Wolkenstein, F. (2019). Complementing and correcting representative institutions: When and how to use mini‐publics. European Journal of Political Research, 58(2), 656–675.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12306

Már, K., & Gastil, J. (2020). Tracing the boundaries of motivated reasoning: How deliberative minipublics can improve voter knowledge. Political Psychology, 41(1), 107–127.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12591

Michels, A., & Binnema, H. (2018). Deepening and Connecting Democratic Processes. The Opportunities and Pitfalls of Mini-Publics in Renewing Democracy. Social Sciences, 7(11), 236.
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110236

Paulis, E., Pilet, J.-B., Panel, S., Vittori, D., & Close, C. (2020). The POLITICIZE dataset: An inventory of deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) in Europe. European Political Science, 7(11), 236.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-020-00284-9

Rojon, S., Rijken, A. J., & Klandermans, B. (2019). A Survey Experiment on Citizens’ Preferences for ‘Vote–Centric’ vs. ‘Talk–Centric’ Democratic Innovations with Advisory vs. Binding Outcomes. Politics and Governance, 7(2), 213–226.
https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i2.1900

Van Crombrugge, R. (2020). The Derailed Promise of a Participatory Minipublic: The Citizens’ Assembly Bill in Flanders. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 16(2), 63–72.
https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.402

van der Does, R., & Jacquet, V. (2021). Small-Scale Deliberation and Mass Democracy: A Systematic Review of the Spillover Effects of Deliberative Minipublics. Political Studies, 71(1), 218–237.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211007278

1.2.1.1 Advantages

Bächtiger, A., Setälä, M., & Grönlund, K. (2014). Towards a new era of deliberative mini-publics. In Deliberative mini-publics: Involving citizens in the democratic process (pp. 225–241). ECPR Press.

Boulianne, S. (2018). Mini-publics and public opinion: Two survey-based experiments. Political Studies, 66(1), 119–136.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723507

Curato, N., & Böker, M. (2016). Linking mini-publics to the deliberative system: A research agenda. Policy Sciences, 49(2), 173–190.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-015-9238-5

Escobar, O., & Elstub, S. (2017). Forms of Mini-publics [Research and Development Note].

Gastil, J., Richards, R., & Knobloch, K. (2014). Vicarious Deliberation: How the Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review Influenced Deliberation in Mass Elections. International Journal of Communication, 8, 62–89.

Goodin, R. E., & Dryzek, J. S. (2006). Deliberative impacts: The macro-political uptake of mini-publics. Politics & Society, 34(2), 219–244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329206288152

Jacquet, V. (2017). Explaining non‐participation in deliberative mini‐publics. European Journal of Political Research, 56(3), 640–659.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12195

Lafont, C. (2015). Deliberation, participation, and democratic legitimacy: Should deliberative mini‐publics shape public policy? Journal of Political Philosophy, 23(1), 40–63.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12031

Landemore, H. (2020a). Open democracy and digital technologies. In L. Bernholz, H. Landemore, & R. Reich (Eds.), Digital Technology and Democratic Theory.
https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226748603-003

Landemore, H. (2020b). Open democracy: Reinventing popular rule for the twenty-first century. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10crczs

Niemeyer, S. (2011). The emancipatory effect of deliberation: Empirical lessons from mini-publics. Politics & Society, 39(1), 103–140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329210395000

Niemeyer, S. (2014). Scaling up deliberation to mass publics: Harnessing mini-publics in a deliberative system. Deliberative Mini-Publics: Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process, 177–202.

Ryan, M., & Smith, G. (2014). Defining mini-publics. In A. Kimmo Grönlund & M. S. Bächtiger (Eds.), Deliberative mini-publics: Involving citizens in the democratic process (pp. 9–26). ECPR Press.

Setälä, M. (2014). Deliberative mini-publics: Involving citizens in the democratic process. ECPR press.

Setälä, M. (2017). Connecting deliberative mini‐publics to representative decision making. European Journal of Political Research, 56(4), 846–863.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12207

Setälä, M., & Smith, G. (2018). Mini-publics and deliberative democracy. In A. Bächtiger, J. S. Dryzek, J. Mansbridge, & M. Warren (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of deliberative democracy (pp. 300–314).
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.27

Smith, G. (2012). Deliberative democracy and mini-publics. In B. Geissel & K. Newton (Eds.), Evaluating democratic innovations: Curing the democratic malaise (pp. 90–111). Routledge.

Vandamme, P.-É. (2018). Des référendums plus délibératifs? Les atouts du vote justifié. Participations, 20(1), 29–52.
https://doi.org/10.3917/parti.020.0029

1.2.1.2 Critiques

1.2.2 Sortition

Abizadeh, A. (2021). Representation, bicameralism, political equality, and sortition: Reconstituting the second chamber as a randomly selected assembly. Perspectives on Politics, 19(3), 791–806.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719004626

Bedock, C., & Pilet, J.-B. (2020a). Enraged, Engaged, or Both? A Study of the Determinants of Support for Consultative vs. Binding Mini-Publics. Representation, 59(1), 33–53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778511

Bedock, C., & Pilet, J.-B. (2020b). Who Supports Citizens Selected by Lot to be the Main Policymakers? A Study of French Citizens. Government and Opposition, 1, 20.
https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2020.1

Bouricius, T. (2017). Sortition: Envisaging a new form of democracy that enables decision-making for long-term sustainability. In Methods for Sustainability Research. Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432735.00018

Bouricius, T. (2018). Why Hybrid Bicameralism Is Not Right for Sortition. Politics & Society, 46(3), 435–451.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789893

Bouricius, T. G. (2013). Democracy through multi-body sortition: Athenian lessons for the modern day. Journal of Public Deliberation, 9(1).
https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.156

Caserta, M., Pluchino, A., Rapisarda, A., & Spagano, S. (2021). Why lot? How sortition could help representative democracy. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 565, 125430.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2020.125430

Collmer, C. (2015). Civic Market and Sortition Democracy. In G. Bitros & N. Kyriazis (Eds.), Essays in Contemporary Economics (pp. 191–197). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10043-2_13

Corazzini, L., Kube, S., Maréchal, M. A., & Nicolo, A. (2014). Elections and deceptions: An experimental study on the behavioral effects of democracy. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 579–592.

CORDIS - European Commission. (2021). Non-elected politics. Cure or Curse for the Crisis of Representative Democracy?
https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/772695

Courant, D. (2017). Thinking Sortition: Modes of selection, deliberative frameworks and democratic principles (68; p. 32). Université de Lausanne, Les Cahiers de l’IEPHI/IEPHI Working Paper Series.

Courant, D. (2019). Sortition and Democratic Principles: A Comparative Analysis. In J. Gastil & E. O. Wright (Eds.), Legislature by Lot: Transformative Designs for Deliberative Governance (pp. 229–248). Verso.

Delannoi, G., & Dowlen, O. (Eds.). (2016). Sortition: Theory and Practice (Vol. 3). Imprint Academic.

Dowlen, O. (2009). Sorting out sortition: A perspective on the random selection of political officers. Political Studies, 57(2), 298–315.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00746.x

Dowlen, O. (2017). The political potential of sortition: A study of the random selection of citizens for public office (Vol. 4). Andrews UK Limited.

Dunlop, T. (2019). Sortition: Reimagining democracy. Griffith REVIEW, 64, 215.

Gąsiorowska, A. (2023). Sortition and its Principles: Evaluation of the Selection Processes of Citizens’ Assemblies. Ournal of Deliberative Democracy, 19(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/doi: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.1310

Gastil, J., & Richards, R. (2013). Making Direct Democracy Deliberative through Random Assemblies. Politics & Society, 41(2), 253–281.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213483109

Gastil, J., & Wright, E. O. (2018). Legislature by lot: Envisioning Sortition within a bicameral system. Politics & Society, 46(3), 303–330.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789886

Gastil, J., & Wright, E. O. (2019). Legislature by lot: Transformative designs for deliberative governance. Verso Books.

Hollard, V. (2019). Election and sortition in Ancient Rome: Was there such a thing as a Roman democracy? Participations, 117–137.

Jacquet, V., Niessen, C., & Reuchamps, M. (2020). Sortition, its advocates and its critics: An empirical analysis of citizens’ and MPs’ support for random selection as a democratic reform proposal. International Political Science Review.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120949958

Katz, R. S. (1997). Democracy and elections. Oxford University Press on Demand.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195044294.001.0001

Landa, D., & Pevnick, R. (2020). Is Random Selection a Cure for the Ills of Electoral Representation? Journal of Political Philosophy, jopp.12219.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12219

Le Pillouer, A. (2019). The Introduction of Sortition in Representative Democracies. Giornale Di Storia Costituzionale, 38, 103.

Lockard, A. A. (2003). Decision by Sortition: A Means to Reduce Rent-Seeking. Public Choice, 116(3/4), 435–451.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024899605246

Malkopoulou, A. (2015). The Paradox of Democratic Selection: Is Sortition Better than Voting? In J. M. Rosales & K. Palonen (Eds.), Parliamentarism and democratic theory: Historical and contemporary perspectives (p. 229). Barbara Budrich Publishers.

Malleson, T. (2018). Should democracy work through elections or sortition? Politics & Society, 46(3), 401–417.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789891

Meuleman, L. (2014). Sortition and Deliberation in the EU: An Alternative for Electoral Democracy. University of Leiden.

Morel, L., & Qvortrup, M. (2017). The Routledge handbook to referendums and direct democracy. Routledge.

O’Neil, J. L. (1995). The origins and development of ancient Greek democracy. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc.

Owen, D., & Smith, G. (2018). Sortition, rotation, and mandate: Conditions for political equality and deliberative reasoning. Politics & Society, 46(3), 419–434.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789892

Pek, S. (2017). Democracy on the Shop Floor: Reviving Union Democracy with Sortition. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017, 10736.

Pek, S. (2019a). Drawing Out Democracy: The Role of Sortition in Preventing and Overcoming Organizational Degeneration in Worker-Owned Firms. Journal of Management Inquiry, 30(2), 193–206.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492619868030

Pek, S. (2019b). Rekindling union democracy through the use of sortition. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(4), 1033–1051.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3526-2

Pilet, J.-B., Talukder, D., Sanhueza, M. J., & Rangoni, S. (2020). Do Citizens Perceive Elected Politicians, Experts and Citizens as Alternative or Complementary Policy-Makers? A Study of Belgian Citizens. Frontiers in Political Science, 2, 567297.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2020.567297

Rojon, S., & Rijken, A. J. (2020). Are radical right and radical left voters direct democrats? Explaining differences in referendum support between radical and moderate voters in Europe. European Societies, 22(5), 581–609.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823008

Saunders, B. (2010). Democracy, Political Equality, and Majority Rule. Ethics, 121(1), 148–177.
https://doi.org/10.1086/656474

Sintomer, Y. (2007). Le pouvoir au peuple Jurys citoyens,tirage au sort et démocratie participative. La découverte.

Sintomer, Y. (2010). Random Selection, Republican Self‐Government, and Deliberative Democracy. Constellations, 17(3), 472–487.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2010.00607.x

Sintomer, Y. (2018). From deliberative to radical democracy? Sortition and politics in the twenty-first century. Politics & Society, 46(3), 337–357.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789888

Sintomer, Y. (2020). Sortition and Politics: From Radical to Deliberative Democracy–and Back? In D. Piovan & G. Giorgini (Eds.), Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Athenian Democracy (Vol. 7, pp. 490–521). Brill.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443006_017

Southall, R. (2018). The Case for Sortition: Tackling the Limitations of Democracy in South Africa. Politikon, 45(2), 245–260.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2017.1380921

Stone, P. (2016). Sortition, voting, and democratic equality. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 19(3), 339–356.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1144858

Sutherland, K. (2011). What sortition can and cannot do. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1928927

Tridimas, G. (2018). On sortition. Comment on “Proposals for a Democracy of the Future” by Bruno Frey. Homo Oeconomicus, 35(1–2), 91–100.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41412-017-0054-3

Vandamme, P.-É., Jacquet, V., Niessen, C., Pitseys, J., & Reuchamps, M. (2018). Intercameral relations in a bicameral elected and sortition legislature. Politics & Society, 46(3), 381–400.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789890

Vandamme, P.-E., & Verret-Hamelin, A. (2017). A Randomly Selected Chamber: Promises and Challenges. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 13(1), 5.
https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.271

Wright, E. O. (2018). Postscript to Gastil and Wright: The Anticapitalist Argument for Sortition. Politics & Society, 46(3), 331–335.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218789887

Yongle, Z. (2019). Rousseau and Sortition——A Book Review on Sortition, Democracy and Republic: From Athens to Venice. Local Legislation Journal, 5, 9.

1.2.3 Referendums ⏵

Gherghina, S., & Silagadze, N. (2020). Populists and Referendums in Europe: Dispelling the Myth. The Political Quarterly, 91(4), 795–805.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12934

Rojon, S., & Rijken, A. J. (2021). Referendums: Increasingly unpopular among the ‘winners’ of modernization? Comparing public support for the use of referendums in Switzerland, the Netherlands, the UK, and Hungary. Comparative European Politics, 19(1), 49–76.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-020-00222-5

Vandamme, P.-É. (2018). Des référendums plus délibératifs? Les atouts du vote justifié. Participations, 20(1), 29–52.
https://doi.org/10.3917/parti.020.0029

1.2.3.1 Design matters

Arrhenius, G. (2005). The boundary problem in democratic theory. In F. Tersman (Ed.), Democracy Unbound: Basic Explorations I (pp. 14–29).

Bell Jr, D. A. (1978). The Referendum: Democracy’s barrier to racial equality. Wash. L. Rev., 54, 1.

Chambers, S. (2001). Constitutional referendums and democratic deliberation. In M. Mendelsohn & A. Parkin (Eds.), Referendum democracy (pp. 231–255). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403900968_12

Cheneval, F., & el-Wakil, A. (2018). The Institutional Design of Referendums: Bottom-Up and Binding. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 294–304.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12319

Chollet, A. (2018). Referendums are true democratic devices. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 342–347.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12322

el-Wakil, A., & Cheneval, F. (2018). Designing Popular Vote Processes to Enhance Democratic Systems. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 348–358.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12318

Folkestad, B., Klausen, J. E., Saglie, J., & Segaard, S. B. (2019). When do consultative referendums improve democracy? Evidence from local referendums in Norway. International Political Science Review, 42(2), 213–228.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119881810

Johnston, R., Blais, A., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (1996). Challenge of direct democracy: The 1992 Canadian referendum. McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773566293

Le Bihan, P. (2018). Popular Referendum and Electoral Accountability. Political Science Research and Methods, 6(4), 715–731.
https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.41

LeDuc, L. (2015). Referendums and deliberative democracy. Electoral Studies, 38, 139–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.007

Leemann, L., & Wasserfallen, F. (2016). The Democratic Effect of Direct Democracy. American Political Science Review, 110(4), 750–762.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000307

Lupia, A., & Matsusaka, J. G. (2004). Direct democracy: New approaches to old questions. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 463–482.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104730

Magaña, P. (2024). The Boundary Problem in Democratic Theory: A Methodological Approach. Res Publica, 30, 305–322.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-023-09617-z

Magleby, D. B., & Patterson, K. D. (1998). Consultants and Direct Democracy. PS: Political Science and Politics, 31(2), 160.
https://doi.org/10.2307/420244

McKay, S. (2018). Designing Popular Vote Processes for Democratic Systems: Counter‐Proposals, Recurring Referendums, and Iterated Popular Votes. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 328–334.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12316

McKay, S. (2019). Building a better referendum: Linking mini-publics and mass publics in popular votes. Journal of Public Deliberation, 15(1), 1–29.
https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.319

Mendelsohn, M., & Parkin, A. (2001). Referendum democracy: Citizens, elites and deliberation in referendum campaigns. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403900968https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403900968

Moeckli, D. (2018). Referendums: Tyranny of the majority? Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 335–341.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12317

Offe, C. (2017). Referendum vs. Institutionalized Deliberation: What Democratic Theorists Can Learn from the 2016 Brexit Decision. Daedalus, 146(3), 14–27.
https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00443

Pállinger, Z. T. (2019). Direct democracy in an increasingly illiberal setting: The case of the Hungarian national referendum. Contemporary Politics, 25(1), 62–77.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2018.1543924

Reidy, T., & Suiter, J. (2015). Do rules matter? Categorizing the regulation of referendum campaigns. Electoral Studies, 38, 159–169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.011

Renwick, A., Palese, M., & Sargeant, J. (2020). Information in Referendum Campaigns: How Can It Be Improved? Representation, 56(4), 521–537.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1661872

Sager, F., & Rissi, C. (2011). The limited scope of policy appraisal in the context of referendum democracy-the case of regulatory impact assessment in Switzerland. Evaluation, 17(2), 151–163.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389011401612

Setälä, M. (2006). On the problems of responsibility and accountability in referendums. European Journal of Political Research, 45(4), 699–721.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00630.x

Setälä, M. (2011). The role of deliberative mini-publics in representative democracy: Lessons from the experience of referendums. Representation, 47(2), 201–213.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.581080

Smith, G. (1976). The functional properties of the referendum. European Journal of Political Research, 4(1), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1976.tb00787.x

Song, S. (2012). The boundary problem in democratic theory: Why the demos should be bounded by the state. International Theory, 4(1), 39–68.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971911000248

Tierney, S. (2015). Sovereignty and Crimea: How Referendum Democracy Complicates Constituent Power in Multinational Societies. German Law Journal, 16(3), 523–541.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200020964

Uleri, P. V., & Gallagher, M. (Eds.). (2016). The referendum experience in Europe. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24796-7

1.2.3.2 Deliberative potential

Chambers, S. (2009). Rhetoric and the public sphere: Has deliberative democracy abandoned mass democracy? Political Theory, 37(3), 323–350.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709332336

Chambers, S. (2018). Making Referendums Safe for Democracy: A Call for More and Better Deliberation. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 305–311.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12321

el-Wakil, A. (2017). The Deliberative Potential of Facultative Referendums: Procedure and Substance in Direct Democracy. Democratic Theory, 4(1).
https://doi.org/10.3167/dt.2017.040104

el-Wakil, A. (2020). Supporting Deliberative Systems with Referendums and Initiatives. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 16(1), 37–45.
https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.403

el-Wakil, A., & Cheneval, F. (2018). Designing Popular Vote Processes to Enhance Democratic Systems. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 348–358.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12318

Gastil, J., & Knobloch, K. (2020). Hope for Democracy: How Citizens Can Bring Reason Back into Politics (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084523.001.0001

Gastil, J., & Richards, R. (2013). Making Direct Democracy Deliberative through Random Assemblies. Politics & Society, 41(2), 253–281.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213483109

Landemore, H. (2018). Referendums Are Never Merely Referendums: On the Need to Make Popular Vote Processes More Deliberative. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 320–327.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12314

Levy, R. (2017). The Deliberative Case for Constitutional Referenda. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 16(2), 213–221.
https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2016.0412

Parkinson, J. (2020). The Roles of Referendums in Deliberative Systems. Representation, 56(4), 485–500.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1718195

Saward, M. (2001). Making democratic connections: Political equality, deliberation and direct democracy. Acta Politica, 36(4), 361–379.

Suiter, J., & Reidy, T. (2019). Does Deliberation Help Deliver Informed Electorates: Evidence from Irish Referendum Votes. Representation, 56(4), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1704848

Van Crombrugge, R. (2020). Are referendums necessarily populist? Countering the populist interpretation of referendums through institutional design. Representation, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1720789

1.2.3.3 Critiques

Bellamy, R. (2018). Majority Rule, Compromise and the Democratic Legitimacy of Referendums. Swiss Political Science Review, 24(3), 312–319.
https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12315

Chambers, S. (1998). Contract or Conversation? Theoretical Lessons from the Canadian Constitutional Crisis. Politics & Society, 26(1), 143–172.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329298026001006

Cohen, J. (1997). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In J. Bohman & W. Rehg (Eds.), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. The MIT Press.
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2324.003.0006

Fishkin, J. S. (1995). The voice of the people: Public opinion and democracy. Yale University Press.

Gastil, J., & Richards, R. (2013). Making Direct Democracy Deliberative through Random Assemblies. Politics & Society, 41(2), 253–281.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213483109

LeDuc, L. (2015). Referendums and deliberative democracy. Electoral Studies, 38, 139–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.007

Leib, E. J. (2006). Can direct democracy be made deliberative. Buffalo Law Review, 54.

Mansbridge, J. J. (1983). Beyond adversary democracy. University of Chicago Press.

Offe, C. (2017). Referendum vs. Institutionalized Deliberation: What Democratic Theorists Can Learn from the 2016 Brexit Decision. Daedalus, 146(3), 14–27.
https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00443

Setälä, M. (2006). On the problems of responsibility and accountability in referendums. European Journal of Political Research, 45(4), 699–721.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00630.x

Urbinati, N. (2006). Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy. University of Chicago Press.
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226842806.001.0001

1.2.4 Deliberation

Bächtiger, A., Dryzek, J. S., Mansbridge, J., & Warren, M. (2018a). Deliberative Democracy: An Intorduction. In The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy (pp. 1–32). Oxford Academic.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.50

Bächtiger, A., Dryzek, J. S., Mansbridge, J., & Warren, M. E. (2018b). The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.001.0001

Bächtiger, A., & Parkinson, J. (2019). Mapping and measuring deliberation: Towards a new deliberative quality. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672196.001.0001

Bagg, S. (2018). Can deliberation neutralise power? European Journal of Political Theory, 17(3), 257–279.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885115610542

Beauvais, E., & Warren, M. E. (2019). What can deliberative mini‐publics contribute to democratic systems? European Journal of Political Research, 58(3), 893–914.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12303

Besson, S., & Martí, J. L. (Eds.). (2006). Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315258249

Bohman, J. (1998). Survey article: The coming of age of deliberative democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 6(4), 400–425.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9760.00061

Bohman, J., & Rehg, W. (1997). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. The MIT Press.
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2324.001.0001

Ceva, E. (2014). Democrazia. APhEx - Rivista Italiana Di Filosofia Analitica, 10, 75–104.

Ceva, E. (2015). Political justification through democratic participation: The case for conscientious objection. Social Theory and Practice, 41(1), 26–50.

Chambers, S. (2018). Human Life Is Group Life: Deliberative Democracy for Realists. Critical Review, 30(1–2), 36–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2018.1466852

Cohen, J. (1989). The economic basis of deliberative democracy. Social Philosophy and Policy, 6(2), 25–50.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500000625

Cohen, J. (1997). Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy. In J. Bohman & W. Rehg (Eds.), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. The MIT Press.
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2324.003.0017

Cohen, J. (2007). Deliberative democracy. In Deliberation, Participation and Democracy (pp. 219–236). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591080_10

Cooke, M. (2000). Five arguments for deliberative democracy. Political Studies, 48(5), 947–969.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00289

Curato, N., Dryzek, J. S., Ercan, S. A., Hendriks, C. M., & Niemeyer, S. (2017). Twelve key findings in deliberative democracy research. Daedalus, 146(3), 28–38.
https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00444

Curato, N., Hammond, M., & Min, J. B. (2019). Power in deliberative democracy. Palgrave MacMIllan.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95534-6

Curato, N., Sass, J., Ercan, S. A., & Niemeyer, S. (2020). Deliberative democracy in the age of serial crisis. International Political Science Review, 43(1), 55–66.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120941882

Dryzek, J. S. (2001). Legitimacy and economy in deliberative democracy. Political Theory, 29(5), 651–669.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591701029005003

Dryzek, J. S. (2002). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press on Demand.
https://doi.org/10.1093/019925043X.001.0001

Dryzek, J. S. (2012). Foundations and Frontiers of Deliberative Governance. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562947.001.0001

Dryzek, J. S. (2017). The forum, the system, and the polity: Three varieties of democratic theory. Political Theory, 45(5), 610–636.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591716659114

Dryzek, J. S., & List, C. (2003). Social Choice Theory and Deliberative Democracy: A Reconciliation. British Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123403000012

Elster, J. (2005). The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. In T. Christiano (Ed.), Philosophy and Democracy: An Anthology (pp. 138–158). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195136593.003.0007

Elstub, S., & Mclaverty, P. (Eds.). (2014). Deliberative democracy: Issues and cases. Edinburgh University Press.

Erman, E. (2013). In search of democratic agency in deliberative governance. European Journal of International Relations, 19(4), 847–868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066111426622

Erman, E. (2016). Representation, equality, and inclusion in deliberative systems: Desiderata for a good account. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 19(3), 263–282.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2016.1144854

Fishkin, J. (2015). Deliberative democracy. In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource (pp. 1–16). Wiley.

Fishkin, J. S. (2011). When the people speak: Deliberative democracy and public consultation. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199604432.001.0001

Fishkin, J. S., & Laslett, P. (Eds.). (2008). Debating deliberative democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690734

Gastil, J. (2000). By popular demand: Revitalizing representative democracy through deliberative elections. University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520925007

Gastil, J., & Levine, P. (Eds.). (2005). The deliberative democracy handbook: Strategies for effective civic engagement in the twenty-first century. Jossey-Bass San Francisco.

Gimmler, A. (2001). Deliberative democracy, the public sphere and the internet. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 27(4), 21–39.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019145370102700402

Goodin, R. E. (2008). Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice After the Deliberative Turn. OUP Oxford.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.001.0001

Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (2000). Why deliberative democracy is different. Social Philosophy and Policy, 17(1), 161–180.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500002570

Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (2004). Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400826339

Habermas, J. (2015). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (W. Rehg, Trans.). The MIT Press.

Hamlett, P. W. (2003). Technology theory and deliberative democracy. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 28(1), 112–140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243902238498

Hicks, D. (2002). The promise(s) of deliberative democracy. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 5(2), 223–260.

Higgott, R., & Erman, E. (2010). Deliberative global governance and the question of legitimacy: What can we learn from the WTO? Review of International Studies, 449–470.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000100

Honig, B. (2007). Between Decision and Deliberation: Political Paradox in Democratic Theory. American Political Science Review, 101(1), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070098

Janssen, D., & Kies, R. (2005). Online forums and deliberative democracy. Acta Política, 40(3), 317–335.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115

Jürgen, H. (1994). Three normative models of democracy. Constellation, 1(1), 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1994.tb00001.x

Kim, J., Wyatt, R. O., & Katz, E. (1999). News, Talk, Opinion, Participation: The Part Played by Conversation in Deliberative Democracy. Political Communication, 16(4), 361–385.
https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198541

Kuyper, J. W. (2016). Systemic Representation: Democracy, Deliberation, and Nonelectoral Representatives. American Political Science Review, 110(2), 308–324.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000095

Kuyper, J. W. (2018). The Instrumental Value of Deliberative Democracy – Or, do we have Good Reasons to be Deliberative Democrats? Journal of Public Deliberation, 14(1), 1–35.
https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.291

Lafont, C. (2015). Deliberation, Participation, and Democratic Legitimacy: Should Deliberative Mini-publics Shape Public Policy?: Deliberation, Participation & Democratic Legitimacy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 23(1), 40–63.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12031

Lafont, C. (2019). Democracy without shortcuts: A participatory conception of deliberative democracy. Oxford University Press.

Landemore, H. (2017). Deliberative Democracy as Open, Not (Just) Representative Democracy. Daedalus, 146(3), 51–63.
https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00446

Mansbridge, J., Bohman, J., Chambers, S., Christiano, T., Fung, A., Parkinson, J., Thompson, D. F., & Warren, M. E. (2012). A systemic approach to deliberative democracy. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds.), Deliberative Systems (pp. 1–26). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178914.002

Miller, D. (1992). Deliberative Democracy and Social Choice. Political Studies, 40(s1), 54–67.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01812.x

Mutz, D. C. (2008). Is deliberative democracy a falsifiable theory? Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 521–538.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.081306.070308

Neblo, M. A. (2015). Deliberative democracy between theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139226592

Niessen, C. (2019). When citizen deliberation enters real politics: How politicians and stakeholders envision the place of a deliberative mini-public in political decision-making. Policy Sciences, 52(3), 481–503.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-018-09346-8

Parkinson, J., & Mansbridge, J. (Eds.). (2012). Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178914Deliberative Systems Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale

Rostboll, C. F. (2008). Deliberative Freedom: Deliberative Democracy as Critical Theory. Suny Press.

Ryfe, D. M. (2005). Does deliberative democracy work? Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 8, 49–71.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.032904.154633

Schoenleitner, G. (2005). Can Public Deliberation Democratise State Action?: Municipal Health Councils and Local Democracy in Brazil. In J. Harriss, K. Stokke, & O. Törnquist (Eds.), Politicising democracy (pp. 75–106). Palgrave MacMIllan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230502802_4

Smith, G., & Wales, C. (2000). Citizens’ juries and deliberative democracy. Political Studies, 48(1), 51–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00250

Steiner, J. (2012). The Foundations of Deliberative Democracy: Empirical Research and Normative Implications. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139057486

Thompson, D. F. (2008). Deliberative Democratic Theory and Empirical Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 497–520.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.081306.070555

Vandamme, P.-É. (2018). Des référendums plus délibératifs? Les atouts du vote justifié. Participations, 20(1), 29–52.
https://doi.org/10.3917/parti.020.0029

Warren, M. E. (2007). Institutionalizing deliberative democracy. In S. W. Rosenberger (Ed.), Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern? (pp. 272–288). Palgrave MacMIllan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591080_13

Warren, M. E., & Pearse, H. (Eds.). (2008). Designing deliberative democracy: The British Columbia citizens’ assembly. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491177

Weeks, E. C. (2000). The Practice of Deliberative Democracy: Results from Four Large-Scale Trials. Public Administration Review, 60(4), 360–372.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00098

Wiklund, H. (2005). In search of arenas for democratic deliberation: A Habermasian review of environmental assessment. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 23(4), 281–292.
https://doi.org/10.3152/147154605781765391

Wolkenstein, F. (2016). A Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(3), 297–320.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849940.003.0003

1.2.5 Liquid democracy

Abramowitz, B., & Mattei, N. (2019). Flexible Representative Democracy: An Introduction with Binary Issues. Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on AI.
https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/1

Bloembergen, D., Grossi, D., & Lackner, M. (2019). On Rational Delegations in Liquid Democracy. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33, 1796–1803.
https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011796

Blum, C., & Zuber, C. I. (2016). Liquid democracy: Potentials, problems, and perspectives. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(2), 162–182.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12065

Brill, M., & Talmon, N. (2018). Pairwise Liquid Democracy. Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on AI, 18, 137–143.
https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/19

Caragiannis, I., & Micha, E. (2019). A Contribution to the Critique of Liquid Democracy. Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 116–122.
https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/17

Escoffier, B., Gilbert, H., & Pass-Lanneau, A. (2019). The Convergence of Iterative Delegations in Liquid Democracy in a Social Network. In D. Fotakis & E. Markakis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Algorithmic Game Theory (pp. 284–297). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30473-7_19

Escoffier, B., Gilbert, H., & Pass-Lanneau, A. (2020). Iterative delegations in liquid democracy with restricted preferences. 34, 1926–1933.
https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5562

Gölz, P., Kahng, A., Mackenzie, S., & Procaccia, A. D. (2018). The fluid mechanics of liquid democracy. In Web and Internet Economics (pp. 188–202). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04612-5_13

Hardt, S., & Lopes, L. C. (2015). Google Votes: A Liquid Democracy Experiment on a Corporate Social Network (Technical Disclosure Commons).

Kahng, A., Mackenzie, S., & Procaccia, A. (2021). Liquid democracy: An algorithmic perspective. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 70, 1223–1252.
https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12261

Kavitha, T., Király, T., Matuschke, J., Schlotter, I., & Schmidt-Kraepelin, U. (2022). Popular branchings and their dual certificates. Mathematical Programming - Series B, 192, 567–595.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-021-01659-6

Paulin, A. (2014). Through Liquid Democracy to Sustainable Non-Bureaucratic Government. JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 6(2), 216–230.

Paulin, A. (2020). An Overview of Ten Years of Liquid Democracy Research. 116–121.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396963

Zhang, Y., & Grossi, D. (2022). Tracking Truth by Weighting Proxies in Liquid Democracy. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1482–1490.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3535850.3536015

1.2.6 Plebeian politics

Green, J. E. (2009). The Eyes of the People: Democracy in an Age of Spectatorship. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372649.001.0001

Vergara, C. (2020a). Populism as Plebeian Politics: Inequality, Domination, and Popular Empowerment. Journal of Political Philosophy, 28(2), 222–246.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12203

Vergara, C. (2020b). Systemic Corruption: Constitutional Ideas for an Anti-Oligarchic Republic. Princeton University Press.

Vergara Gonzalez, C. (2019). Assembling the Plebeian Republic. Popular Institutions against Systemic Corruption and Oligarchic Domination.
https://doi.org/10.7916/D8-Q072-RJ66

1.2.7 Extra-institutional democratic practices

Aitchison, G. (2018). Domination and Disobedience: Protest, Coercion and the Limits of an Appeal to Justice. Perspectives on Politics, 16(3), 666–679.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718001111

Bagg, S. (2018). The Power of the Multitude: Answering Epistemic Challenges to Democracy. American Political Science Review, 112(4), 891–904.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000527

Delmas, C. (2016). Civil Disobedience. Philosophy Compass, 11(11), 681–691.
https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12354

Hall, B. (2011). Review: Blessed are the organized: Grassroots democracy in America. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 23(3), 413–413.
https://doi.org/10.3138/jrpc.23.3.413

Medearis, J. (2004). Lost or obscured? How VI Lenin, Joseph Schumpeter, and Hannah Arendt misunderstood the council movement. Polity, 36(3), 447–476.
https://doi.org/10.1086/POLv36n3ms3235386

Medearis, J. (2005). Social movements and deliberative democratic theory. British Journal of Political Science, 35(1), 53–75.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123405000037

Medearis, J. (2015). Why democracy is oppositional. Harvard University Press.

Medearis, J. (2018). After the Councils: Opposing Domination and Developing Democratic Agency. In J. Muldoon (Ed.), Council Democracy: Towards a Democratic Socialist Politics (pp. 191–209). Routledge.

Stout, J. (2010). Blessed are the organized: Grassroots democracy in America. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7szxr

2. PARTY DISENCHANTMENT ⏵

2.1 Descriptive data

Van Biezen, I., Mair, P., & Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, going,. . . Gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe: Going, going,. . . Gone? European Journal of Political Research, 51(1), 24–56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01995.x

2.2 Causes and effects

Wuttke, A. (2020). New political parties through the voters’ eyes. West European Politics, 43(1), 22–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1603940